44 Grasping the nettle: Ending Europe’s Trade in Execution and Torture Technology Consequently, we recommend that the current prohibition on the trade in restraint chairs, boards and beds be retained, but that the existing explanatory notes should be removed. Furthermore, we recommend that, “chairs, boards and beds” that are “fitted with straps” should be controlled items under Annex III of the Regulation. Long-Range Acoustic devices A range of acoustic devices have been developed and marketed for long range communication. They produce high volume sounds at various frequencies, with limited ability to target the sound to an individual or group. Currently, some of the most commonly deployed models are the different varieties of the Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD), manufactured by the LRAD Corporation.202 The LRAD can potentially be employed in a variety of situations by a number of different end-users. It is reported to have been used by U.S. military forces in Afghanistan and Iraq,203 and to repel pirates off the coast of Somalia.204 In a July 2013 “white paper”, the LRAD Corporation has stated that, “LRAD systems are being safely used in more than 60 countries around the world,” among those end-users specifically highlighted were the police forces of Australia, Canada, Colombia, Georgia, Germany, India, Israel, Morocco, the Netherlands, Oman, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain and Turkey. In addition, the company stated that LRAD has been employed in Iraq, “to communicate in villages and push back crowds”; in Kazakhstan by the army for crowd control; and the device has also been deployed on military trucks in Turkmenistan for border security and infrastructure protection.205 A number of EU companies have promoted LRAD. For example the Spanish company, Technorobot has a webpage devoted to LRAD products. It states that, “LRAD has two main functions; communicate over long range distances (up to 3000 meters) clearly, but we can also define LRAD device as a “NON- LETHAL acoustic weapon.” The acoustic output power can reach more than 150 decibels so it allows us to solve or deter some particular situations without using the force.”206The company also highlights past promotion of LRAD at Milipol 2009, Milipol 2011 and during demonstrations of its products to the Spanish and Portuguese police in 2010.207 In addition, a Polish company, Delta sp.j.,208 has marketed LRAD for use in security or law enforcement and a UK company has marketed LRAD primarily for maritime communication.209 LRAD has been acquired and deployed by the Polish police force210 and the UK Royal Marines.211 In October 2014, Amnesty International raised concerns regarding the inappropriate use of LRAD by St Louis police force in response to wide spread public disorder in Ferguson, Missouri, following the fatal shooting of an 18-year old unarmed African American teenager by a white police officer. According to a report by Amnesty International USA,212 on the night of 18 August 2014, at approxi202 “The Global Leader in Long Range Acoustic Hailing Devices” http://www.lradx.com. 203 Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project, Research Report No. 8. Bradford: Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford 2006. 204 ‘I beat pirates with a hose and sonic cannon, BBC News Channel, 17 May 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6664677.stm (accessed 5 March 2015); Is There a Sound Defense Against the Somali Pirates? Time, Thompson, M. 19 November 2009 http://content.time. com/time/world/article/0,8599,1940536,00.html (accessed 5 March 2015). 205 LRAD Corporation, White Paper, LRAD – humanely resolving public safety situations and saving lives, July 2013, http://www.lradx.com/ pdf/LRAD_whitepaper_Humanely_Resolving_Public_Safety_Situations.pdf (accessed 14 May 2015). 206 Technorobot: Technological and Robotics Systems, LRAD, available at: http://www.technorobot.eu/en/lrad.htm (accessed 14 May 2015). 207 Technorobot; Technological and Robotics Systems, Media/events, available at: http://www.technorobot.eu/en/media.htm (accessed 14 May 2015). 208 The Polish company, Delta sp.j. on its company website states that: “Delta offers an unique acoustic device LRAD ( Long Range Acoustic Device). This is mobile or stationary mounting & remotely operated mega-source of long range sound. LRAD provide sending messages, combat and warning signals as well as appeals for the distance up to even 1 km in the form of concentrated beam of acoustic wave!” [Emphasis added] http://www.delta-av.com.pl/strona,lrad_technology,88,0,88.html (accessed 14 May 2015). 209 Audionation-UK, LRAD Acoustic Hailing Device, http://antactical.com/product-category/tactical/lrad/ (accessed 14 May 2015). In email correspondence to Amnesty International and Omega, the company stated that: “Audionation-UK as an appointed UK dealer for LRAD Corporation, supplies systems only in accordance to manufacturer’s recommendations. Primary business is to the Marine Security Industry for long range communications only…This effective means of communication poses no danger to operator nor target, just clear verbal messages that commands appropriate action or responses during maritime vessel movements.”[Email received from Sales Director, Audionation-UK, 28 April 2014]. 210 Poland’s Anti-Hooligan Police Ready for Euro 2012 Troublemakers, Krakow Post, 7 June 2012, http://www.krakowpost.com/ article/5209 (accessed 4 February 2015); The super-sized loudspeaker Poland hopes will blast away brawling hooligans, Daily Mail, 8 May 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2141299/The-supersized-loudspeaker-Poland-hopes-blast-away-brawling-hooligans. html#ixzz3Qm7G8ffY (accessed 4 February 2015). 211 BBC News, Sonic device deployed in London during Olympics, 12 May 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london18042528 (accessed 4 February 2015). 212 On the Streets of America: Human Rights Abuses in Ferguson, Amnesty International USA Section, 24 October 2014. Amnesty International May 2015 Index: EUR 01/1632/2015