8 Grasping the nettle: Ending Europe’s Trade in Execution and Torture Technology brokering controls,10 the scope and nature of such controls regarding certain Regulation goods are unclear. Although controls on Category A goods are fully extra-territorial and also relate to other closely associated activities such as transportation, advertising and marketing and the provision of financial or insurance services, it is unclear whether such coverage extends in relation to those Category B and C goods that fall within the Regulation’s scope. In addition, the UK Government Export Control Organisation has confirmed that, “a UK company incorporated under the jurisdiction of a foreign country is not subject to UK export or trade controls.”11 The implications of such limitation in scope are exemplified by the case study below. Illustrative case study – Singapore subsidiary of UK company brokering a shipment of pepper spray, tear gas and other riot control equipment to the Maldives On 7 February 2012, the Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed resigned from office, but subsequently claimed that he had been forced to resign at gun point in a coup organised by his opponents. The consequent protests organised by his Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) were met by political repression across the archipelago. In its Annual Report entry on the Maldives, Amnesty International stated: “Throughout the year, security forces frequently attacked peaceful demonstrators, including MPs, journalists and bystanders, in the capital Malé or in Addu, both MDP strongholds. Officers clubbed them, kicked them and pepper-sprayed them directly in the eyes. Around the time of Mohamed Nasheed’s resignation, from 7 to 9 February, police targeted senior MDP members for attack and tracked down and assaulted injured protesters in hospitals.”12 MDP Member of Parliament, Mariya Ahmed Didi, was among those arrested and ill-treated following the violent dispersal of a peaceful MDP rally on 8 February 2012. She described her treatment to Amnesty International: “They… continued beating me with my handcuffs on,” she said. “They were beating me with batons. Police and military officers then forcefully opened my eyelids. They went for the eye that had been injured the day before [in a previous attack by police]. They sprayed pepper spray directly into my eye. Then they did the same with my other eye. They then sprayed into my nose as they were also beating me. They then took me to a police station and continued to beat me there. I have bruises all over my body. At one point when they were beating me one of them shouted, ‘Is she still not dead?’”13 ? In November 2013, the UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) is reported as stating that, “The British government remains deeply concerned about the ongoing political situation in Maldives, including the reports of intimidation, violence and arrests that have taken place in recent months.” Consequently the Department of BIS stated, “We have not issued any licences for the export or trade of crowd control equipment to the Maldives in at least the last year. Under current circumstances, we would not do so.” 14 However investigations by UK newspaper, The Guardian, uncovered details of a large shipment of riot control equipment worth $100,000 that were sent to the Maldives police force.15 The shipment contained 250 smoke grenades and 200 stun grenades, 900 tear gas projectiles and grenades, 100 pepper spray refills, 800 rubber bullets and projectiles, including 300 multiple projectile cartridges. The equipment was shipped to the Maldives by the Brazilian arms supplier Condor Industries on 25 September 2013. The deal was brokered by a Singapore-based and–registered company, WH Brennan Pte. Ltd. This company is a foreign subsidiary of the UK company, Survitec Group, which is based in Southampton. ? The Department of BIS reportedly stated that Survitec did not require a UK export licence because the shipment was sold by its subsidiary. It was therefore considered to be outside the UK’s legal jurisdiction.16 In its July 2014 report, the UK Parliament’s Quadripartite Committee subsequently highlighted this case and stated that, “It is a significant loophole in UK arms export controls that a UK company can circumvent those controls by exporting military and dual-use goods using an overseas subsidiary.”17 The Quadripartite 10 Email correspondence to Amnesty International and Omega from Policy Advisor to the UK Export Control Organisation, 11 May 2015. 11 Email correspondence to Amnesty International and Omega from Policy Advisor to the UK Export Control Organisation, 11 May 2015. 12 Maldives entry, Amnesty International Report 2013: The State of the World’s Human Rights, Amnesty International, 23 May 2013. 13 The Other Side of Paradise: A Human Rights Crisis in the Maldives, Amnesty International, September 2012, p.5-6. 14 Maldives police buy weapons shipment from UK-owned firm, The Guardian, 3 November 2013. 15 Maldives police buy weapons shipment from UK-owned firm, The Guardian, 3 November 2013. 16 Maldives police buy weapons shipment from UK-owned firm, The Guardian, 3 November 2013. 17 UK Parliament, House of Commons, Committees on Arms Export Controls - First Report - Volume II - Memorandum Scrutiny of arms Exports and Arms Control, 14 July 2014, paragraph 68. Amnesty International May 2015 Index: EUR 01/1632/2015