The State party should incorporate into domestic law the definition of torture as contained in article 1 of the Convention, encompassing all its constituent elements which characterize torture as a specific crime with appropriate penalties. Internal applicability of the Convention (11) The Committee regrets the lack of information on the direct applicability of the Convention, and in particular on any instances of its application by the domestic courts, as well as in times of war. The State party should provide the Committee with information on the measures taken to ensure the direct applicability by the courts of the Convention, and of examples thereof. The State party should provide information on the applicability of the Convention in times of war. Statute of limitations (12) The Committee notes with concern that acts amounting to torture and ill-treatment are subject to a statute of limitations. The Committee is concerned that the statute of limitations for acts amounting to torture and ill-treatment may prevent investigation, prosecution and punishment of these grave crimes. In particular, the Committee regrets the dismissal of cases filed by victims of military sexual slavery during the Second World War, the so-called “comfort women”, for reasons related to statutory limitations. The State party should review its rules and provisions on the statute of limitations and bring them fully in line with its obligations under the Convention, so that acts amounting to torture and ill-treatment, including attempts to commit torture and acts by any person which constitute complicity or participation in torture, can be investigated, prosecuted and punished without time limitations. Independence of the judiciary (13) The Committee is concerned at the insufficient level of independence of the judiciary, in particular the tenure of judges and the lack of certain necessary safeguards. The State party should take all necessary measures to reinforce the independence of the judiciary, and in particular ensure the security of tenure of judges. Non-refoulement (14) The Committee is concerned that certain provisions in domestic law and practices of the State party do not conform to article 3 of the Convention, and in particular: (a) The 2006 Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act which does not expressly prohibit deportation to countries where there is a risk of torture; in addition, reviewing authorities do not systematically investigate the applicability of article 3; (b) The lack of an independent body to review refugee recognition applications; (c) The conditions of detention in landing prevention facilities and immigration detention centres, with numerous allegations of violence, unlawful use of restraining devices during deportation, abuse, sexual harassment, lack of access to proper health care. In particular, the Committee is concerned that, so far, only one case in such a detention centre has been recognized as ill-treatment; (d) The lack of an independent monitoring mechanism for immigration detention centres and landing prevention facilities, and in particular the lack of an independent agency to which detainees can complain about alleged violations by Immigration Bureau staff members. The Committee is also concerned that the criteria for the appointment of third-party refugee adjudication counsellors are not made public; 60