Endnotes 1. World Health Organization, The World Health Report 2001, Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope, 2001. 2. For example, a review of research found that post-traumatic stress disorder affected up to a fifth of prisoners, and rates of self-harm range from 7–15 per cent for men, with higher rates recorded for women, at up to 27 per cent; Fazel S et al, ‘The health of prisoners’, The Lancet, Vol 377, No 9769, 2011, pp956–965. 3. UNODC, Handbook on Women and Imprisonment, 2nd edition, with reference to the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (The Bangkok Rules), 2014, p7. 4. World Health Organization, Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Summary Report, 2004. 5. See: American Psychiatric Association, What Is Mental Illness?, www.psychiatry.org/ patients-families/what-is-mental-illness. 6. World Health Organization, The World Health Report 2001, Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope, p35. 7. The World Health Organization estimates that worldwide, about 10 per cent of pregnant women and 13 per cent of women who have just given birth experience a mental disorder, primarily depression. In developing countries this is even higher, i.e. 15.6 per cent during pregnancy and 19.8 per cent after childbirth. See: www.who.int/mental_health/ maternal-child/maternal_mental_health/en. 8. Enggist S, Møller L, Galea G and Udesen C (eds), Prisons and Health, World Health Organization, 2014, p91. 9. Ibid. 10. For example, between 76 to 85 per cent of people with severe mental disorders (in the community) in low-income and middle-income countries and 35 to 50 per cent in high-income countries have received no treatment. The 66th World Health Assembly, Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020, Agenda item 13.3, WHA66.8, 27 May 2013, Annex, p5. 11. Ehlers L, ‘“Rogues” and “Vagabonds” No More: Ending Africa’s Imperial Legacy of Absurd Petty Offenses’, Open Society Foundations, 3 February 2017, www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/rogues-andvagabonds-no-more-ending-africa-s-imperial-legacyabsurd-petty-offenses. 12. UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Guidelines on article 14 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: The right to liberty and security of persons with disabilities, adopted during the Committee’s 14th session, held in September 2015. 13. Thailand Institute of Justice, Women prisoners and the implementation of the Bangkok Rules in Thailand, 2014, p44. 14. Brandt R, ‘The mental health of people living with HIV/ AIDS in Africa: a systematic review’, African Journal of AIDS Research, Vol 8, No 2, 2009, pp123–133. Resources 15. Trencˇ ín statement on prisons and mental health, adopted in Trencˇ ín, Slovakia on 18 October 2007, www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/99006/ E91402.pdf?ua=1. 16. Ibid. 17. World Health Organization and the International Association for Suicide Prevention, Preventing Suicide in Jails and Prisons, 2007, p1. 18. World Health Organization, Mental health, Reducing access to means of suicide, 2015, www.who.int/ mental_health/mhgap/evidence/suicide/q7/en/. 19. P owell C, Marzano L and Ciclitira K, ‘Mother–infant separations in prison. A systematic attachmentfocused policy review’, The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, Vol 28, No 2, 2016, pp274–289. 20. S ee Samaritans’ website for more information: www.samaritans.org/your-community/our-workprisons/listener-scheme.  avanon N et al, Using Participatory Action Research 21. H to put the Bangkok Rules into practice – The Thai Prison Case study, Research under the auspices of the Inspire Project under the Initiative of HRH Princess Bajrakitiyabha, 2012, p49.  M Inspectorate of Prisons, Life in prison: Living 22. H conditions. A findings paper by HM Inspectorate of Prisons, October 2017, para. 1.3. 23. Irish Red Cross, CBHFA Prison Programme Overview, 2016, www.redcross.ie/resources/?cat_id=8. 24. E nggist S, Møller L, Galea G and Udesen C (eds), Prisons and Health, World Health Organization, 2014, p 91. 25. UNODC, Handbook on Prisoners with special needs, 2009, p15, www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/ Handbook_on_Prisoners_with_Special_Needs.pdf. 26. S halev S, A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement, London: Mannheim Centre for Criminology, London School of Economics, 2008, p10. 27. U  N General Assembly, 66th Session, Interim report of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, 5 August 2011, A/66/268. For example, as outlined in Shalev S, ‘Solitary Confinement as a Prison Health Issue’, in Enggist S, Møller L, Galea G and Udesen C (eds), Prisons and Health, World Health Organization, 2014, pp27–35. 28. P enal Reform International and the Association for the Prevention of Torture, Institutional culture in detention: A framework for preventive monitoring, 2nd edition, 2015, p4. 29. L ópez M, ‘How to build for success: prison design and infrastructure as a tool for rehabilitation’, PRI Blog, 24 July 2014, www.penalreform.org/blog/ build-success-prison-design-infrastructure-toolrehabilitation. 30. N  ew Zealand Department of Corrections, Investing in better mental health for offenders, www.corrections.govt.nz/resources/strategic_ reports/investing_in_better_mental_health_for_ offenders.html. • World Health Organization, Prisons and Health, 2014. • World Health Organization and the International Committee for the Red Cross, Information Sheet: Mental Health and Prisons, 2005. • Penal Reform International, The revised United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules): Short guide, 2016 (available in multiple languages). • Penal Reform International, UN Bangkok Rules on women offenders and prisoners: Short guide, 2013 (available in multiple languages). • OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and Penal Reform International, Guidance Document on the Nelson Mandela Rules: Implementing the revised United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, forthcoming, 2018. • Penal Reform International and Thailand Institute of Justice, Guidance Documents on the UN Bangkok Rules, 2013. • UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Handbook on Prisoners with Special Needs, 2009. • UN Office on Drugs and Crime, Handbook on Women and Imprisonment 2nd edition, 2014. 34