–5– The CPT acknowledges that there may be justification, in an individual case, for keeping a given remand prisoner apart from certain other prisoners or, in even more exceptional circumstances, from prisoners in general, and for restricting his/her contact with the outside world. However, in the CPT’s view, the starting point for devising regimes for remand prisoners must be the presumption of innocence and the principle whereby prisoners must not be subject to more restrictions than are strictly necessary to ensure that they are incarcerated without risk and that the interests of justice are duly served. Any restrictions should be kept to a minimum and last for as short a time as possible. Whatever the circumstances, restrictions should never be applied for the purpose of bringing pressure to bear on persons remanded in custody in order to induce them to co-operate with the justice system. Placement in solitary confinement (or in conditions which in practice amount to this) must be resorted to only in exceptional situations and where there is direct evidence of a serious threat to the course of justice if the person concerned associates with particular individuals or other persons in general. 63. Decisions imposing restrictions described in the previous paragraph should normally be taken when the remand prisoner appears in court and be subject to appeal in a separate procedure. The written decision should provide reasons for every restriction imposed and should be given to the prisoner concerned and/or his/her lawyer. The restrictions must be reviewed by the competent court on a frequent basis to ensure that there is a continuing need for them. The longer a restriction is imposed on a prisoner in remand custody, the more rigorous should be the test as to whether the measure remains necessary and proportionate. 64. The material conditions and the detention regimes provided to inmates held in solitary confinement must meet the standards laid down by the CPT;12 in particular, prisoners should be provided with appropriate human contact throughout the duration of the measure and the prison authorities should make every possible effort to alleviate the potentially damaging effects of solitary confinement on the prisoner concerned. 3. Juveniles on remand 65. In principle, the remarks made in the preceding sections also apply to juveniles. However, in the CPT’s view, there are a number of specific standards which should be taken into account when dealing with juveniles in remand detention. These standards are set out in more detail in the 24th General Report on the CPT’s activities.13 For ease of reference, the Committee wishes to recall certain key aspects which deserve particular attention. 66. First of all, it is a well-established precept that, in all action concerning juveniles, their best interests shall be a primary consideration and they should only be deprived of their liberty as a last resort and for the shortest possible period of time.14 67. Further, the CPT considers that detained juveniles who are suspected (or convicted) of a criminal offence should, as a rule, not be held in institutions for adults but in facilities which are specifically designed for persons of this age group, offer a non-carceral environment and a regime tailored to their specific needs and are staffed by persons trained in dealing with juveniles. 12 21st General Report on the CPT’s activities (CPT/Inf (2011) 28), paragraphs 53 to 64. See paragraphs 96 to 132 of CPT/Inf (2015) 1 (Juveniles deprived of their liberty under criminal legislation). 14 See Articles 3 and 37.b of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Rules 5 and 10 of the European Rules for Juvenile Offenders; see also Rule 13.1 of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules), Rule 17 of the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (Havana Rules) and the 2010 Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on child friendly justice. 13