Notes The Omega Research Foundation would like to thank Noël Stott, Senior Research Fellow, and Mothepa Shadung, Junior Researcher, Transnational Threats and International Crime Division, ISS Pretoria for their assistance in the drafting of this policy brief. 1 Department of Correctional Services, Annual report 1999, 2000, http://bit.ly/1FWOwWb. 2 Legal documents from the Eastern Cape High Court of South Africa, Port Elizabeth, held by Omega Research Foundation. 3 S Dahlberg, The React Security Belt: Stunning prisoners and human rights groups into questioning whether its use is permissible under the United States and Texas constitutions, St. Mary’s Law Journal, 30:239,1998, 251–252. 4 5 6 K Nanthakumar, S Massé, K Umapathy, P Dorian, E Sevaptsidis and M Waxman, Cardiac stimulation with high voltage discharge from stun guns, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178:11, 20 May 2008, www.cmaj.ca/content/178/11/1451.full. For example, see South African Human Rights Commission, SAHRC concerned about alleged torture at St Albans Correctional Centre, 2014, www.sahrc.org. za/home/index.php?ipkArticleID=267; Leigh Day, Threat of legal action against G4S after claims of South African prisoner abuse, 13 February 2015, www.leighday.co.uk/ News/2015/February-2015/Legal-actionbegins-against-G4S-after-claims-of-So. PH Yoon, The ‘stunning’ truth: Stun belts debilitate, they prejudice, and they may even kill, Capital Defense Journal, 15:2, 1 March 2003, http://scholarlycommons.law. wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1531&c ontext=wlucdj. 7 UN, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, 2015, http://bit.ly/1Nmp3cm. 8 PH Yoon, The ‘stunning’ truth: Stun belts debilitate, they prejudice, and they may even kill, Capital Defense Journal, 15:2, 1 March 2003, http://scholarlycommons.law. wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1531&c ontext=wlucdj. 9 Prevention and Combating of Torture of Persons Act, 2013, section 2(1)(iii), www. justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2013-013.pdf 26 R.M. International Trading Enterprises, www.rmiteinternational.com/index_files/ Page1306.htm. 10 The Robben Island Guidelines for the Prohibition and Prevention of Torture in Africa, 2008, www.achpr.org/files/specialmechanisms/cpta/rig_practical_use_book. pdf. 27 Ibid., www.rmiteinternational.com/index_ files/Page745.htm. 28 Ibid., www.rmiteinternational.com/index_ files/Page344.htm. 29 Liquid Bullet, company overview, www. liquidbullet.net/index.php?option=com_cont ent&view=article&id=1&Itemid=2. 11 Force Products, www.forcegroup.co.za/ index.php?page=2. 12 Assegai Trading, Force Equalizer range handheld shock devices, www. assegaitrading.co.za/riot_force_batons.htm. 30 Liquid Bullet, contact us, www.liquidbullet. net/index.php?option=com_content&view=a rticle&id=3&Itemid=3. 13 Force Products, company profile, www. forcegroup.co.za/index.php?page=2. 31 Dos Group, Tasers, www.dosgroup.com/ prdct-tasers.php. 14 Omega Research Foundation archives. 32 15 Security Pro USA, Secpro XR 5000 Prisoners Stun Belt, www.securityprousa. com/shbeforpr.html. Dos Group, stun guns, www.dosgroup.com/ prdct-stun-guns.php. 33 Department of Trade and Industry, National Policy on Non-Proliferation, Disarmament and Arms Control, https://www.thedti.gov. za/nonproliferation/policy.htm. 34 EC Trade Regulation 1236/2005, as amended in July 2014, http://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1398468874 828&uri=CELEX:02005R1236-20130701. 35 Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, and Export Control Organisation, Guidance controls on torture goods, 2014, https://www.gov.uk/controls-on-torture-goods. 36 For the full text of the Export Administration Act, see www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/ forms-documents/doc_view/16-legalauthority. The Export Administration Act lapsed in 2001 but remains in force through Executive Order 13222 of 17 August 2001, which invokes the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 USC 1702) – see https://www.whitehouse.gov/thepress-office/2014/08/07/letter-congresscontinuation-national-emergency-respectexport-control-r and www4.law.cornell.edu/ uscode/50/usc_sec_50_00001702—— 000-.html. 37 US Department of State, Bureau of Industry and Security, Commerce control list, Supplement No. 1 to Part 774, 2015, www. bis.doc.gov/index.php/forms-documents/ doc_download/436-category-0-nuclearmaterials-facilities-equipment. 16 SRG Techno, Force – Shock System, http:// srgtechno.co.in/nonlethal_full.php?id=4. 17 Force Group Asia, company products, http:// forcegroupasia.ebusinessin.com/products. html. 18 RQM Services Sdn Bhd, security and defence product www.rqm.com.my/page. php?15. 19 SecFor, Anti’Scape stun belt, www.secfor. ch/uploads/tx_dmaceproducts/Anti_Scape_ Stun_Belt_-_SecFor.pdf. 20 SecFor, Shock passive riot and aggressor control, www.secfor.ch/products/detail/ secfor-products/6/31. 21 Janada, defense solutions, www.janada.net/ defense-solutions.html. 22 Omega Research Foundation archives. 23 EC Trade Regulation 1236/2005, as amended in July 2014, http://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1398468874 828&uri=CELEX:02005R1236-20130701. 24 Imperial Armour, Imperial Armour anti-riot shock belt, www.imperial-armour.com/ product/imperial-armour-anti-riot-shockbelt/. 25 G Martin, Imperial Armour launches shock bags and belt at IFSEC, Defence Web, 15 May 2014, http://bit.ly/1rkjmlv. POLICY BRIEF 84 • JUNE 2016 7