I N T E G R AT I N G A G E N D E R P E R S P E C T I V E I N T O H U M A N R I G H T S I N V E S T I G AT I O N S • G U I D A N C E A N D P R A C T I C E II Investigating sexual violence against men and boys between consensual and non-consensual sexual intercourse. In addition, the types of sexual violence to which men are exposed differ from those against women and girls, and are often underreported and less commonly acknowledged.43 Investigators may not be familiar with the stigma around sexual violence against men and boys and, consequently, they might overlook the gathering of such information from sources and/or fail to look for possible signals that sexual violence has taken place. For instance, sexual violence can be used as a form of torture and ill-treatment in detention, but may not be reported as such by victims and survivors themselves and by the investigators. Hence the importance of training and of following specific methodologies (e.g. on interview techniques, selection of intermediaries/sources and information-gathering) conducive to the disclosure of this information by victims and survivors and the adequate documentation of these forms of violence.44 The Institute for International Criminal Investigations (IICI) has published a set of guidelines for investigating conflict-related SGBV against men and boys.45 The guidelines are designed to assist criminal justice and human rights investigators, reporters and monitors to fully and properly monitor, document and investigate sexual violence against men and boys that may amount to war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and other egregious violations of international humanitarian, criminal and human rights law. The guidelines cover the following fields: • Overall legal, institutional, strategic, policy, procedural and financial frameworks • Investigation policy • Composition and functioning of relevant institutions • Capacity-building and awareness-raising of staff • Investigation: preliminary research • Investigation planning: general considerations • In-depth predeployment analysis • Information- and evidence-collection plan • Investigation team • Threat and risk assessments, and referral avenues • Interview strategies, techniques and practices • Medical and forensic investigations • Capture, storage, management, confidentiality and disclosure of information and evidence • Analysis of information and evidence • Reporting, public relations, awarenessraising and advocacy • Budgeting • Redress See Office of the Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral for Sexual Violence in Conflict, Report of the Workshop on Sexual Violence Against Men and Boys in Conflict Situations, New York, 25-26 July 2013. Sexual violence against men and boys includes, inter alia: rape, such as anal or oral rape, including gang rape, forcing men to rape others or rape using objects; different forms of torture and ill-treatment on the genitalia; forcing a victim to assist the rape of or other form of sexual violence against their family members; sexual slavery; and forced circumcision, castration and other forms of genital mutilation. 43 See specific section in OHCHR, Guidance Note on documentation, analysis and reporting of sexual and genderbased violence (forthcoming). 44 Institute for International Criminal Investigations, Guidelines for Investigating Conflict-related Sexual and Gender-based Violence Against Men and Boys (The Hague, 2016). 45 34