Omega Research Foundation operation. Electric shock was allegedly used against handcuffed detainees. Gloria Tobón was reportedly doused in water before having electric shocks applied to her arms, breasts and genitals.137 Bolivia: It is alleged that electric shock stun guns are one of the main means used by law enforcement officials to inflict torture.138 Following his detention in August 2014, Michael Ylimori Daza alleged he was tortured by law enforcement officers in an attempt to force him to confess to murder. The Institute of Forensic Investigations stated his injuries were consistent with his claims that an electric shock weapon had been used on him.139 Direct contact electric shock weapons are inherently prone to abuse as they permit the holder to cause extreme pain to the victim at the touch of a button without leaving substantial marks. These weapons are designed to enforce compliance through pain rather than incapacitation and they have no legitimate law enforcement function which cannot be achieved through less harmful means. Although projectile electric shock devices can be used for legitimate law enforcement purposes in exceptional circumstances, their use should be strictly controlled and they should never be used as a general force tool. They should never be used on those in vulnerable situations, particularly those in mechanical restraints. The use of these weapons should be subject to the same reporting and accountability requirements as the use of firearms. The effects of the use of all types of projectile electric shock devices, regardless of voltage, must be independently evaluated. Recommendations    Prohibit the manufacture, trade and use of direct contact electric shock weapons for law enforcement purposes, including stun guns, stun batons and stun shields, and any type of body-worn electric shock device, such as stun belts. As a less lethal alternative to firearms, the deployment of projectile electric shock devices should be subject to a similar standard to that which applies to the use of firearms. Their lawful use should be limited to situations where officers are faced with an imminent threat of death or serious (i.e. potentially life-threatening) injury to themselves or others which cannot be contained by less extreme options. Use of projectile electric shock devices in ‘drive stun’ mode poses a substantial risk of torture or other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, and therefore should be expressly forbidden. Only those weapons that record every mode of use should be permitted. 137 Amnesty International, Venezuela: Informe para el Comité Contra la Tortura de las Naciones Unidas, October 2014, p. 17. 138 ACAT, A World of Torture, 2013, p. 40. 139 Sergio Mendoza, ‘IDIF certifica que Ylimori recibió golpes y descargas eléctricas,’ Página Siete, 27 August 2014, <http://www.paginasiete.bo/sociedad/2014/8/27/idif-certifica-ylimori-recibio-golpes-descargaselectricas-30546.html> [accessed 31 May 2016]. 32