Tools of Torture and Repression in South America Various types of 37/38-mm and 40mm ammunition manufactured by Condor in August 2012 and found in Côte d’Ivoire in 2013. Mid-term Report of the Group of Experts on Cote d'Ivoire presented to the UN Security Council, S/2013/605, 14 October 2013, Annex 4. In August 2013, the EU Foreign Affairs Council announced that Member States had agreed to ‘suspend export licenses to Egypt of any equipment which might be used for internal repression’.180 This was due to the disproportionate actions of the Egyptian security forces which resulted in ‘an unacceptable large number of deaths and injuries’. Although not binding on non-EU states, this suspension sent a very strong signal to other exporting states. However Brazil did not apply similar criteria to exports of equipment that could be used for internal repression - exports by Condor to Egypt totalled USD 18,084 in 2015 and USD 1,835,485 in 2014.181 Condor law enforcement equipment has been used against peaceful protesters in several Middle Eastern countries. First found in 2011, chemical irritant cartridges manufactured by Condor continue to be found in Bahrain.182 According to the Brazilian Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade, Condor exported goods to Bahrain every year from 2012-2014, with USD 10.2m worth of goods sold in 2012.183 Exports were permitted to go ahead in spite of concerns related to the excessive use of tear gas raised by the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,184 human rights organisations185 and the BICI report,186 which was commissioned by the king of Bahrain. Some of the tear gas used against protesters in Turkey in June 2013 was manufactured by Condor. Organisations such as Physicians for Human Rights and the Turkish Medical Association documented multiple cases 180 Council of the European Union, ‘Council conclusions on Egypt’, Foreign Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels, 21 August 2013, <https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/138599.pdf> [accessed 1 June 2016]. 181 This is the total value of the goods actually exported, not to be confused with the total amount licences were awarded for. Figures ascertained by correlating information from two databases: Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior, <http://www.mdic.gov.br//sitio/interna/interna.php?area=5&menu=1444&refr=603> [accessed 24 November 2015] and AliceWeb, http://aliceweb.mdic.gov.br/ [accessed 1 June 2016]. 182 ‘Brazilian Tear Gas Linked to Recent Death of Abdulaziz Al-Saeed’, Bahrain Watch, 26 January 2015 <https://bahrainwatch.org/blog/2015/01/26/brazilian-tear-gas-linked-to-the-recent-death-of-abdulaziz-alsaeed/> [accessed 1 June 2016]. 183 Figures ascertained using official sources, see note 181. 184 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ��Briefing Note on Bahrain’, 20 March 2012 <http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11989&LangID=E> [accessed 08 December 2015]. 185 See, for example, Physicians for Human Rights, Weaponizing Tear Gas: Bahrain’s Unprecedented Use of Toxic Chemical Agents Against Civilians, 2012, <http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/reports/weaponizing-tear-gas.html>and Human Rights Watch, Targets of Retribution: Attacks against Medics, Injured Protesters, and Health Facilities, 2011 <https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/07/18/targets-retribution/attacks-against-medics-injured-protesters-andhealth> both accessed on 1 June 2016. 186 Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, Report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry, 2011 <http://www.bici.org.bh/BICIreportEN.pdf> [accessed 1 June 2016], p.267. 41