Omega Research Foundation rubber bullets fired by military police officers.55 Silva lost sight in one eye as a result of his injuries.56 Launched projectiles are inherently inaccurate and multiple projectiles are indiscriminate with a high risk of uninvolved bystanders being hit. In particular, multiple launchers which rapidly or simultaneously discharge multiple projectiles should be prohibited due to their indiscriminate nature. Kinetic impact projectiles should only be used to target those directly involved in violence posing a risk of death or serious injury to persons, where the projectiles are used to contain and stop the violence. Back injuries sustained by protesters as a result of being hit by kinetic impact projectiles must lead to a presumption of abuse. Similarly, deliberate targeting at point-blank range significantly increases the risk of serious injury or death and should be prohibited. Recommendations     Ammunition containing multiple projectiles is inaccurate, indiscriminate and arbitrary and should be prohibited. Impact projectiles which are so inaccurate or impact with such excessive energy that they cannot be used safely should be prohibited. Multiple launchers should be prohibited due to their indiscriminate nature. Kinetic impact projectiles should only be used when less extreme methods are insufficient to achieve a legitimate law enforcement objective and their use is proportional to the objective sought. They should never be fired at the head, upper body or groin areas, nor should they be intentionally rebounded off the ground before striking the target. Where possible, clear warnings should be given before firing them. Once the perceived threat has subsided (e.g. if those carrying out acts of violence in a protest have begun to disperse), impact projectiles should not be used. Chemical irritants Chemical irritants are designed to deter or disable an individual, by producing temporary irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. The most commonly used chemicals include CN or CS (commonly called tear gas) and OC/Pepper and PAVA (commonly called pepper spray). Chemical irritants are delivered through hand-held aerosol sprays, hand-thrown grenades, weaponlaunched projectiles/grenades, as well as via water cannon. There are reports of chemical irritants being used arbitrarily and/or excessively against protesters in the following countries: Argentina,57 Bolivia, Brazil,58 Chile,59 Colombia, Paraguay,60 Peru61 and Venezuela. 55 IACHR, ‘IACHR Expresses Concern over Arrests and Attacks on Demonstrators and Journalists during Protests in Brazil,’ 20 June 2013, <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2013/044.asp> [accessed 31 May 2016]. 56 Amnesty International, ‘They use a strategy of fear’: Protecting the right to protest in Brazil, 2014, p. 8. 57 CELS, Derechos humanos en Argentina: Informe 2015, p. 306. 58 Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 2014/15: The State of the World’s Human Rights, p. 83. 59 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2015, p. 151. 60 US Department of State, Paraguay 2014 Human Rights Report, p. 19. 61 US Department of State, Peru 2014 Human Rights Report, p. 12. 18