measures, and may even have a preventive efect. During its prison visits50 the CPT has constantly recommended the systematic recording of all cases of violence. 1.6 Other ethical issues Involving prison doctors in security‑related issues and disciplinary measures Medical practitioners in prison should act as personal doctors of prisoners and should establish a positive doctor–patient relationship with them. The practice of prison doctors certifying whether a prisoner is ft to undergo soli‑ tary confnement as a punishment (or any other type of solitary confnement imposed against the prisoner’s will) does not promote this relationship. This issue is emphasised in the EPR. Medical staf should never participate in any decision‑making process resulting in any type of solitary confnement, unless the measure is applied for medical reasons. On the other hand, health‑care staf should be very attentive to the situation of all prisoners placed in solitary confnement. The health‑care staf should be informed of every such placement and should visit the prisoner immediately after placement and thereafter, on a regular basis, at least once a day, and provide him/her with prompt medical assistance and treatment as required. They should report to the prison director whenever a prisoner’s health is being put seriously at risk by being held in solitary confnement. The prison doctor should not carry out any body searches or examinations requested by an authority, except in emergency situations when no other doctor can be called in. In those exceptional cases when the examination of body cavities cannot be avoided, it should be done by a doctor with appropriate medical training. However, in the interest of safeguarding the doctor–patient relationship, this person should not be the doctor who treats the prisoner with respect to health care. This point is also emphasised by the WMA in its Statement on Body Searches of Prisoners.51 Special security measures might be called for in specifc cases, but the system‑ atic placing of prisoners in barred areas when injections are administered is 50. CPT/Inf (2009)13; (2010)3; (2010)27; (2010)33; (2011)3; (2011)20; (2012)1; (2012)9. 51. WMA: Statement on body searches of prisoners, Budapest (1993, rev. 2005). Prison health care and medical ethics Page 24