All the various updated guidelines on control of tuberculosis in prison6 include: X the need for TB control in prisons to have the same standards as TB control in the community, to be organised in close co‑operation with the health authorities in the community, to be included in the National Tuberculosis Programme and to undergo the same documentation, evaluations and quality assurance, X improvement of prison conditions by avoiding overcrowding and ensuring good ventilation, access to sunlight, access to health care, placement of prisoners in small units, adequate nutrition and exercise in the open air, X education and health promotion regarding TB, X early diagnosis (screening on entry, self‑referral, active case‑fnding), X separation of infectious patients and contact tracing, X efective standard treatment, strictly according to the WHO protocols on DOTS and/or DOTS plus, X continuity of treatment following transfer or release. Several European countries do not yet comply with such guidelines on TB control in prison. In a number of judgments the European Court of Human Rights found a violation of Article 2 and/or 3 of the ECHR due to defcient care of prisoners with tuberculosis,7 and prison conditions were classifed as promoting the spread of TB and amounting to degrading and inhuman treatment due to overcrowding, lack of ventilation and daylight. Likewise, in recent country visits,8 the CPT has expressed its concern about defciencies in TB prevention and care in prisons. In order to challenge drug‑resistant TB and the dual epidemic of HIV/Aids and TB, a number of additional measures are needed. 6. WHO: Tuberculosis control in prisons: a manual for programme managers (Geneva 2000) at WHO/CDS/TB/2001/.281; Møller L. et al: Health in prisons: a WHO guide to the essentials in prison health (Geneva 2007); USAID/TBCTA/ICRC: Guidelines for control of tuberculosis in prisons (2009); CDC: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 7 July 2006 (Atlanta GA 2006); CDC: Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional and detention facilities: Recommendations from CDC (Atlanta GA 2006). 7. Melnik v. Ukraine 72286/01; Malenko v. Ukraine 18660/03; Vasyukov v. Russia 2974/05; Hummatov v. Azerbaijan 9852/05; Logvinenko v. Ukraine 13448/07; Makharadze and Sikharulidze v. Georgia 35254/07. 8. CPT/Inf (2007)42; (2010)12; (2010)27; (2010)30; (2012)24; (2011)26; (2011)29; (2012)17. The dual epidemic: HIV/Aids and tuberculosis (TB) Page 65