xlvi List of Contributors Giuliana Monina is researcher at the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights—​ Human Dignity and Public Security Department. She joined in 2016 and has since focused on several research projects on the topics of torture and ill-​treatment as well as migration and asylum. She has completed her legal studies at the Universities of Bologna. Before the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Giuliana was a practicing lawyer in Italy and has worked with several human rights organizations, including the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Manfred Nowak was appointed as independent expert leading the United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty in October 2016. He is Professor for International Human Rights at the University of Vienna, where he is the scientific director of the Vienna Master of Arts in Human Rights and co-​director of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights. In addition, he serves as Secretary General of the Global Campus of Human Rights in Venice. He has carried out various expert functions for the UN, the Council of Europe, the EU, and other inter-​governmental organizations. Most importantly, he served for many years in various functions as UN Expert on Enforced Disappearances (1993−2006) and as one of eight international judges in the Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo (1996−2003). Most prominently, he served as UN Special Rapporteur on Torture (2004−2010), where he also visited numerous institutions in all world regions where children were deprived of liberty in unimaginable conditions. Aside from Vienna University, Manfred Nowak was Professor of International Law and Human Rights at various prestigious universities, such as Utrecht, Lund, Stanford, and the Graduate Institute in Geneva, and has published more than 600 books and articles in this field, including various language editions of the CCPR-​Commentary, a CAT-​ Commentary, and an introduction to the International Human Rights Regime. Roland Schmidt is an associate researcher with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights. From 2006 to 2011, he worked as assistant to the institute’s director, Manfred Nowak, including his role as UN Special Rapporteur on Torture. Mr Schmidt participated in various UN fact-​finding missions and contributed also to the first edition of the Commentary on the UN Convention against Torture. Furthermore, he focuses in his research on so-​called ‘deeply divided societies’ and the role of political and legal institutions when it comes to attenuating intercommunal tensions. Andrea Schüchner is a human rights-​oriented philologist who has worked with the European Commission, the UNDPKO, the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, and the German Center for International Peace Operations (ZIF) on topics of democratization, human rights in development, racism and xenophobia, and peace-​building. Gerrit Zach has a background in law and sociology and has been working on human rights and rule of law issues for over 10 years. She was with the Human Rights Department of the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, then spent two years in Afghanistan in international development on strengthening the rule of law, specifically the access to a lawyer. Gerrit worked with the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights from 2014 to 2018 on torture prevention and human rights in the criminal justice system before joining the OSCE Programme Office in Dushanbe in 2018.