70 a person would be unlawful”.105 Even if deployed adjacent to a public assembly, rather than being used directly against assembly participants, stun grenades are likely (and perhaps intended) to cause panic. According to the UN Guidance, “when the use of any less-lethal weapons or related equipment against assembly participants is envisaged, due attention should be paid to the potential for panic in a crowd, including the risk of a stampede”.106 Human Rights Watch recommends that “Security forces should not fire stun grenades directly into crowds”, noting that their use can cause “serious burns” and “fragmentation can foreseeably cause serious injuries in an indiscriminate manner”.107 Explosive stun grenades should never be used for crowd dispersal. What monitors should observe and record • In what circumstances were the stun grenades used? • What did the stun grenades/projectiles look like? Monitors should try to record the shape and size, and take images or video, focusing on any logos, names or other markings that might identify the manufacturer or model. • Approximately how many stun grenades were used? • Did the grenades have any function other than sound and/or light (e.g., irritant smoke, rubber balls)? • Were the stun grenades thrown by hand or launched using a weapon? • Were the grenades thrown/launched into the crowd, adjacent to it, or rolled into it on the ground? • At what height did the grenade explode (i.e., at ground level/head height, etc.)? • Were protesters given additional time to disperse before further stun grenades were deployed? • Did law enforcement officers continue to use stun grenades after the crowd began to disperse? • Was a warning issued before the use of stun grenades? How much in advance of the use was the warning issued? • Was medical help provided (by the police, medical service) to those affected by the stun grenades? 105 UN, Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, op. cit., note 7, para. 6.1.4. 106 Ibid., para. 6.3.4. 107 Human Rights Watch, “Armenia: Excessive Police Force at Protest,” Human Rights Watch website, 1 August 2016, <https://w w w.hr w.org/news/2016/08/01/armenia-excessive-police-force-protest>.