54 large assemblies and should not be used for riot control, containment or dispersal. Furthermore, some faith groups may be affected disproportionately due to their historical perceptions of the use of dogs. Similarly, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross, “The presence of police dogs at a demonstration is easily perceived by participants as an act of aggression on the part of law enforcement officials.”75 This can also be the case if dogs are not seen but are brought close and can be heard barking aggressively by the participants of an assembly. The United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement also notes the risk of secondary infection from dog bites.76 The UNODC/OHCHR Resource Book on the Use of Force and Firearms in Law Enforcement makes various recommendations on the use of dogs, including in crowd-control situations. Monitors should take particular care to record any use of dogs that does not comply with the following: • Dogs should not be used in an offensive role in a public order situation; • Dogs should be trained to “find-and-bark” rather than “find-and-bite”; and • Using an unmuzzled dog should be placed at the higher end of the scale of force and should only be used in specific prescribed situations.77 What monitors should observe and record • • • • In what circumstances were the police dogs used? How many dogs were used to police the gathering? Were police dogs muzzled or unmuzzled? Were they on or off the leash? Were police dogs used solely as a deterrent, or were they used as an offensive instrument/use of force? • Were police dogs used to target a specific person, or were they used indiscriminately against a group of people? 75 76 77 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), To Serve and to Protect: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law for Police and Security Forces, (Geneva: ICRC, 2014), p. 185, <https://w w w.icrc.org/eng/ assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0698.pdf>. UN, UN Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, op. cit., note 7, para. 6.1.3. UNODC & UN OHCHR, Resource Book on the Use of Force and Firearms in Law Enforcement, op. cit., note 24, pp. 84-85.