Restraints 1.13 RESTRAINT CHAIRS WITH FIXED METAL RESTRAINTS Key Technical Features Various models of chair exist with a range of restraining points and techniques. Multiple restraining points are often used, but combinations of restraints vary. Features include metal cuffs to restrain at the wrists and ankles, or fixtures to which restraints (such as handcuffs) can be attached. Some models also have a lockable metal table or tray. If a restrained individual is left unattended or is restrained for long periods in a restraint chair, there is a risk of injury or death. These risks are exacerbated if the restrained individual is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Human Rights Concerns These chairs are prone to being used as a punishment method, and can facilitate torture or other ill-treatment, especially when additional force or equipment is used on the restrained individual, such as electric shock equipment or chemical irritants. This equipment is inherently degrading and use fulfils no legitimate law enforcement purpose that cannot be achieved through less harmful means. Their use constitutes a prima facie violation of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment. Statements and Standards from Human Rights Bodies Examples of Existing Controls Special Rapporteur on Torture: restraint chairs are "inherently inhuman, degrading or painful". 56 CAT: “restraint chairs as methods of restraining those in custody” should be abolished. 57 Nelson Mandela Rules: “The use of ... instruments of restraint which are inherently degrading or painful shall be prohibited.” 58 The EU Anti-Torture Regulation prohibits the trade in this equipment. The US CCL controls the export of this equipment. Manufacture should be prohibited. Proposed Control Transfer should be prohibited. Use should be prohibited. 56 UN HRC, Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture, 2013, A/68/295, para 58 UN CAT, Conclusions and Recommendations of the CAT: United States of America, 15 May 2000, CAT/C/24/6, para 180 (e). 57 58 Nelson Mandela Rules, 2016, Rule 47. 35