3.4 Weighted batons and weighted gloves ................................................................ 71
3.5 Whips ............................................................................................................... 73
4. Launched Kinetic Impact Projectiles .......................................................................... 76
4.1 Ammunition containing multiple metal projectiles (lethal) .................................... 77
4.2 Ammunition with excessive energy ..................................................................... 80
4.3 Ammunition with multiple projectiles specifically designed for crowd control ......... 82
4.4 Ammunition with single projectile specifically designed for crowd control .............. 84
5. Chemical Irritants .................................................................................................... 86
5.1 CS, CR, and CN ................................................................................................. 87
5.2 OC and PAVA .................................................................................................... 89
5.3 Malodorants ...................................................................................................... 91
5.4 Grenades or cartridges containing chemical irritants ............................................ 93
5.5 Hand-held sprayers ........................................................................................... 95
5.6 Fixed chemical irritant sprayers .......................................................................... 97
5.7 Large munitions containing chemical irritants ...................................................... 99
5.8 Large portable sprayers ................................................................................... 101
6. Launchers for Less Lethal Projectiles ....................................................................... 104
6.1 Fixed or mountable multiple barrel launchers .................................................... 105
6.2 Aerial launchers .............................................................................................. 107
6.3 Hand-held launchers........................................................................................ 109
6.4 Launching cups ............................................................................................... 111
6.5 Shotguns ........................................................................................................ 113
7. Other Crowd Controls Weapons and Equipment ....................................................... 116
7.1 Acoustic hailing devices ................................................................................... 117
7.2 Active denial systems ...................................................................................... 119
7.3 Police Dogs ..................................................................................................... 121
7.4 Police horses ................................................................................................... 123
7.5 Barbed or razor wire barriers or fences ............................................................. 125
7.6 Electric fences or barriers ................................................................................ 127
7.7 Blinding lasers ................................................................................................. 129
7.8 Dazzling lasers ................................................................................................ 131
7.9 Shields ........................................................................................................... 133
7.10 Stun grenades (flashbang, distraction devices) ................................................ 135
7.11 Water cannon ............................................................................................... 137
Sources ..................................................................................................................... 139