Restraints 1.14 RESTRAINT CHAIRS WITH STRAPS Key Technical Features Various models of chair with a range of restraining points and techniques. Multiple restraining points are often used, but combinations of restraints vary. Attached straps or cuffs are made from fabric or leather. If a restrained individual is left unattended or is restrained for long periods in a restraint chair, there is a risk of injury or death. These risks are exacerbated if the restrained individual is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Human Rights Concerns These chairs are prone to being used as a punishment method, and can facilitate torture or other ill-treatment, especially when additional force or equipment is used on the restrained individual, such as electric shock equipment or chemical irritants. This type of equipment should only be used by medically trained personnel, and only for a specified and legitimate medical reason, in a human rights-compliant manner. The use of these chairs use in any other circumstances is inherently degrading and fulfils no legitimate law enforcement purpose that cannot be achieved through less harmful means. Statements and Standards from Human Rights Bodies Examples of Existing Controls Nelson Mandela Rules: “The use of ... instruments of restraint which are inherently degrading or painful shall be prohibited” 59 [except in cases of legitimate medical use]. CAT: “restraint chairs as methods of restraining those in custody” should be abolished. 60 The US CCL controls the export of this equipment. Manufacture should be controlled. Proposed Control 59 Trade and transfer should be controlled. Used in certain medical situations only and this use should be in line with international human rights standards. Nelson Mandela Rules, 2016, Rule 47. UN CAT, Conclusions and Recommendations of the CAT: United States of America, 15 May 2000, A/55/44, p 32. 60 37