Restraints 1.16 SHACKLE BOARDS OR BEDS WITH FIXED METAL RESTRAINTS Key Technical Features Various models of bed exist with a range of restraining points and techniques. Multiple restraining points are often used at any one time, but combinations vary. These boards or beds have metal cuffs to restrain at the wrists and ankles, or have fixtures to which restraints can be connected. Some also have straps at the waist, chest, or shoulders. If a restrained individual is left unattended or is restrained for long periods on a shackle board, there is a risk of injury or death. These risks are exacerbated if the restrained individual is under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Human Rights Concerns Shackle boards and beds are prone to being used as a punishment method, and can facilitate torture or other ill-treatment, especially when additional force or equipment is used on the restrained individual, such as electric shock equipment or chemical irritants. This equipment is inherently degrading and use fulfils no legitimate law enforcement purpose that cannot be achieved through less harmful means. The use of these boards and beds constitutes a prima facie violation of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment. Statements and Standards from Human Rights Bodies Nelson Mandela Rules: “The use of ... instruments of restraint which are inherently degrading or painful shall be prohibited.” 63 Examples of Existing Controls The EU Anti-Torture Regulation prohibits the trade in this equipment. The US CCL controls the export of this equipment. Manufacture should be prohibited. Proposed Control Transfer should be prohibited. Use should be prohibited. 63 Nelson Mandela Rules, 2016, Rule 47. 41