6 Accountability States should provide remedies for the violation of children’s rights, including those provoked by the use of corporal punishment against children. Accountability mechanisms should be independent, child-friendly and accessible for children. Generally speaking, there are four types of accountability, each with different capacity for enforcement: judicial, quasi-judicial, administrative and social accountability. Colombia: Administrative and judicial accountability accompanying legal reform In 2006, Colombia adopted the Chilhood and Adolescence Code allowing children and adolescents, through their legal representatives, to submit complaints to the competent authorities. This Code sets two kinds of proceedings to redress a child’s damaged rights: 1) administrative, consisting of all actions carried out by authorities such as the family defender or the police inspector, and 2) judicial, a proceeding conducted by the Family Judge with the purpose of adopting measures to protect children and adolescents who have had their rights violated. Nepal: Social accountability with and for children In Nepal, social accountability is carried out through children’s clubs within Child-Friendly Local Governance (CFLG) bodies established by the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development in 2007. Through public hearings organised by the CFLGs, children provide recommendations and guidance to the Government in realising and mainstreaming the rights of children into the local government system, structure and policies. The success of the CFLG led to the Government of Nepal to launch a National Strategy on Child Friendly Local Governance, still in place today. The adoption of this National Strategy included the allocation of 15% of the local capital block to be dedicated to children, especially the most marginalized, which allows the implementation of the recommendations provided by children through the CFLGs. Panama: Quasi-judicial accountability connecting the national to the international level In 2011, Panama’s Ombudsperson set up an Observatory of the Rights of Children and Adolescents for ongoing follow-up of the UN Treaty Bodies’ recommendations. Among other purposes, the Observatory is the primary domestic link supporting access to the international communications procedures as accountability mechanisms to redress violations of children’s rights. TOOL: Positive Discipline and Alternatives to Corporal Punishment of Children 12/15