-31 their children in criminal proceedings.47 In addition to contacts with the family, international standards also provide, uniquely, for the right of the children to be visited and assisted by outside organizations.48 No such standard exists for any other vulnerable group. Another important group of standards on the treatment of children deprived of their liberty relates to education and training. In the case of school-age children, ensuring education, preferably in community schools, is obligatory. It should have priority over work and should serve personal development purposes. Diplomas should not indicate institutionalization.49 Disciplinary proceedings and the use of force is another area where standards take into consideration the specific vulnerability of children in detention. The standards prohibit closed or solitary confinement of children, as well as deprivation of access to family members for punishment.50 They provide for a recourse to a competent “impartial authority”, and to legal assistance in disciplinary proceedings.51 Carrying and use of weapons in institutions for deprivation of liberty of children is also prohibited.52 Prison guards and other personnel should receive additional training in child psychology, child welfare and rights of the child. In a number of cases the ECtHR found violations of Article 3 of the ECHR in cases where conditions of imprisonment did not take into consideration the specific vulnerability of children. Thus, in the case of Blokhin v. Russia the Grand Chamber held that there had been a violation of Article 3 due to the lack of adequate medical care for the child during his detention (see text box).53 Similarly, in the case of Güveç v. Turkey the ECtHR found a violation of Article 3 on account of the pre-trial detention of the applicant, a minor at the material time, in an adult prison without adequate medical care, which was the reason for his psychological problems and for his 47. See e.g.: Directive (EU) 2016/800 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings; see also European Parliament, Prison systems and conditions, para 34. 48. The Havana Rules, paras 62, 78; The European Rules, para 83. 49. The Havana Rules, paras 38, 40; The European Rules, paras 78.1, 78.2. 50. The Havana Rules, para 67; The European Rules, para 95.3; European Parliament, Prison systems and conditions, para 40. 51. The European Rules, para 94.4. 52. The Havana Rules, para 65. 53. ECtHR, Blokhin v. Russia, No. 47152/06, Grand Chamber judgment of 23 March 2016. Prisoners in a Situation of Vulnerability