Child and youth welfare facilities high staff turnover meant that there were constant vacancies, which could not be filled at short notice, thereby further increasing the workload for the other employees. The Land Upper Austria reacted to the criticism of the NPM by imposing an admission freeze until all of the vacancies had been filled, and prevented the admission of a six-year old girl. Staffing ratio does not suffice for difficult group contellations On monitoring visits, the commissions often observe that the staffing ratio for residential groups prescribed by the Laender is fulfilled but that this does not suffice in difficult group constellations. When minors display behaviour that is aggressive towards themselves and others, traumatic experiences as well as attachment trauma from early childhood are often the cause. Trauma pedagogy and resilience research shows that stable relationships help these minors to deal with stress differently. To this end, a stable team and sufficient time for every individual in the group are needed. There can be no positive development for the minors if there are not enough human resources to safeguard all their development opportunities and offer them healing bonds. Regrettably, the commissions often have the impression that the employees would like to and endeavour to do many things but reach their limits both personally and in terms of staffing and time. Long shifts foster overloads Repeated grounds for criticism are the customary long shifts in some child and youth welfare facilities. Due to the resulting increased risk of overload, the collective agreement of Sozialwirtschaft Österreich (an association of social and health care companies), which however is not binding for all child and youth welfare facilities, stipulates a limitation to working hours: 24-hour shifts are only allowed in emergency situations. These can only be extended by a maximum of one hour during shift change. However, many facilities have a 32-hour shift model; some even allow 48-hour shifts. These models are critical not only from the labour law aspect but also from a human rights perspective. The socio-pedagogical care of children and adolescents in itself places high demands on the personality and qualification of the staff. The basic requirements for this work are objectivity, trustworthiness, an understanding of socio-pedagogical everyday life with a sense of responsibility and assertiveness and a consistent respectful treatment of the cared for children and adolescents. These requirements cannot be fulfilled by persons who are overstrained. Low staffing levels also mean that it is impossible to perform the work with parents that is urgently needed to return the minors to their family. The amount of joint leisure activities also has to be reduced, particularly if the range of ages in the group is large; this was also the reason for complaints on monitoring visits by the commissions. 81 Parental