12 LAW-ENFORCEMENT EQUIPMENT IN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE SOUTH CAUCASUS Figure 2.5. US- (left) and Taiwanese- (right) manufactured projectile electric-shock devices Sources: Robin Ballantyne/Omega Research Foundation. tract, which disappear within a short time following the termination of exposure. Often referred to as tear gas or pepper spray, the most common chemicals used are: chloroacetophenone (CN), Dibenzo(b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR) and o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) for tear gas; and oleoresin capsicum (OC) and pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA) for pepper spray. N-nonanoylmorpholine (MPK/MPA) is used as an irritant agent in selfdefence/law-enforcement sprays manufactured in Russia and Ukraine and is often mixed with CS or CR. Riot control agents are commonly delivered through hand-held sprays, larger sprayer systems and hand-thrown grenades, or launched from different types of weapon such as shotguns or rifles. The use of shotguns and single- or multiple-shot launchers to deliver riot control agents has been documented across Central Asia and the South Caucasus. A video from protests in 2010 shows Kyrgyz police officers loading single-shot grenade launchers with blue tear-gas canisters visually similar to those manufactured in China.20 In Azerbaijan, reports about protests in 2013 indicate the use of Israeli-made tear gas.21 Images posted online of the ADEX 2014 trade event in Baku appear to show an Israeli company marketing a vehicle-mounted multiple-launcher system (see figure 2.6).22 There are a number of medical implications resulting from the deployment of riot control agents. Unintended effects include contact dermatitis, skin 20 Trilling, D., ‘Protesters clash with security police in Bishkek’, EurasiaNet, 6 Apr. 2010, <http://www.eurasianet.org/node/60896>. The canisters held by the officers look visually similar to those manufactured by the 9604 Factory in Xiangfan City, Hubei Province, China. 21 Kazimova, A. and Sindelar, D., ‘Brutal police crackdowns in Azerbaijan, courtesy of Westernmade weapons’, Radio Free Europe, 13 Mar. 2013, <http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan-brutalcrackdown-western-weapons-lrad/24927720.html>. 22 RP Defense, Salon ADEX 2014 – Bakou Expo Center, 26 Sep. 2014, <http://rpdefense.overblog.com/2014/10/salon-adex-2014-bakou-expo-center.html>.