Instruct officials to be tolerant of unlawful but peaceful non-threatening assemblies, so as not to escalate the situation unnecessarily. The paramount objectives to be remembered in developing crowd control strategies are the maintenance of order and safety, and the protection of human rights, not the enforcement of legal technicalities regarding permits or unlawful but non-threatening behaviour. Establish and enforce clear standing orders on the use of force and firearms. Provide regular training in first aid; self-defence; the use of defensive equipment; the use of non-lethal weapons; the use of firearms; crowd behaviour; conflict resolution; stress management; persuasion, mediation and negotiation. Acquire and issue defensive equipment, including helmets, shields, bullet-proof vests, gasmasks and bullet-proof vehicles. Acquire and issue non-lethal incapacitating and crowd dispersal instruments. Acquire the broadest possible range of means for the differentiated use of force. Establish clear reporting guidelines for every incidence of the use of force and firearms. Strictly regulate the control, storage and issue of firearms, including procedures for ensuring that officers are accountable for arms and ammunition issued to them. Prohibit the use of weapons and ammunition that cause unwarranted injury, damage or risk. Develop strategies to reduce the risk of officers being forced to use firearms. 115