Session outline three: Policing in democracies Objectives Participants will be sensitized to standards for and approaches to policing which are consistent with the principles of a democratic order, as opposed to authoritarian policing models. Sources UDHR (arts. 19, 20, 21(1), 21(3) and 29(2)) ICCPR (arts. 19, 21, 22 and 25(a, b)) Code of Conduct (preamble, para. 8(a), art. 1)) Principles on Force and Firearms (principle 12) Standards In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law .11 Limitations on the exercise of rights and freedoms shall be only those necessary to secure recognition and respect for the rights of others, and for meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and general welfare in a democratic society. 12 Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.13 The will of the people is the basis of the authority of government.14 The will of the people shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage.15 Every law enforcement agency shall be representative of and responsive and accountable to the community as a whole.16 Everyone has the rights to freedom of opinion, expression, assembly and association.17 All police officials are part of and have a duty to serve the community. 18 Practice All police officials Maintain political independence and impartiality at all times. Carry out all duties impartially and without discrimination on such grounds as race, colour, sex, language, religion or politics. Protect and respect the human rights of all persons – including rights essential to political processes. Maintain and preserve social order so that democratic political processes can be conducted constitutionally and legally. 11 UDHR, article 29(2). UDHR, article 29(2). 13 UDHR, article 21(1); ICCPR, article 25(a) (b). 14 UDHR, article 21(3); ICCPR, article 25(b). 15 UDHR, article 21(3); ICCPR, article 25(b). 16 General Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1977, adopting the Code of Conduct, eighth preambular paragraph, subparagraph (a). 17 UDHR, articles 19 and 20; ICCPR, articles 19, 21 and 22; Principles on Force and Firearms, principle 12. 18 Code of Conduct, article 1. 12 42