women have the same employment opportunities as men, including application of the same criteria for selection in matters of employment. What difficulties does this create for recruitment into a police agency? How can these difficulties be overcome? 07. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (article 6) and other human rights instruments require everyone to have recognition as a person before the law. What are the dangers for an individual who has no legal status “as a person before the law”? 08. Why is it important in the protection and promotion of human rights for those rights to be regarded as inalienable and universal? 09. While most forms of discrimination against people are violations of human rights, discrimination that favours certain categories of people (such as women and children) is encouraged and sometimes required. In what areas of law enforcement is this “positive” form of discrimination relevant and necessary? 10. Draft an article for a Police Discipline Code that makes “discrimination” an offence under the Code. Exercise Round-table discussion on non-discrimination Ethnic discrimination has been at the core of the Exland conflict since colonial times. Political, economic and social advantage rests with the Vallians, while the Highlandians have long suffered from the status of second-class citizens. As governmental institutions, including the police, are dominated by Vallians, and ethnic tensions between the groups remain high, Highlandians have reportedly been the victims of several cases of discriminatory treatment by police, and police violence against Highlandians is notoriously common. Thus, any hopes for peace and reconciliation in the country will be short-lived unless solutions can be found to the problem of discrimination. The round table will explore the following questions: 1. Why is the principle of non-discrimination especially important in the context of law enforcement agencies and operations? 2. Why is law enforcement more effective when it has the support of the entire community? 3. Why do minority communities sometimes register concern about “under-policing” and sometimes about “over-policing”? 4. What can be done in the immediate term in Exland to combat discrimination within the police services (internal discrimination) and in the way that the police deal with the community (external discrimination)? 5. What can be done to improve the situation in Exland in the long term? 6. What do the international standards say about non-discrimination in policing? 7. What course of action should be taken where a police officer is heard using racial or ethnic slurs or telling racist jokes on duty? Why? 52