3.4 Risk assessment instruments 3.5 Some formal aspects of risk assessment implementation 39 40 CHAPTER 4: DYNAMIC SECURITY 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The principles of “dynamic security” 42 42 43 CHAPTER 5: DEALING WITH VULNERABLE GROUPS OF PRISONERS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Juveniles 5.3 Prisoners with mental disabilities 5.4 Older prisoners and prisoners with physical disabilities 5.5 Ethnic, racial and religious minorities 5.6 Foreign national prisoners 5.7 Sexual minorities 5.8 Other vulnerable groups of adult prisoners 46 46 48 52 55 56 57 59 61 CHAPTER 6: SECURITY MEASURES, INSTRUMENTS OF RESTRAINT AND SOLITARY CONFINEMENT 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Strip-searching of prisoners 6.3 Security monitoring arrangements in prisons 6.4 Use of forcible restraints 6.5 Imposition of solitary confinement 6.6 Disciplinary procedures 62 62 64 65 66 68 71 CHAPTER 7: STAFFING ISSUES 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Staff selection, training and conditions of employment 7.3 Adequate staffing levels 7.4 Statements of ethics 74 74 74 77 78 CHAPTER 8: COMPLAINTS, INSPECTIONS AND THE DUTY TO INVESTIGATE 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Complaints and inspection mechanisms 8.3 The duty to investigate Conclusion 79 79 79 81 85 REFERENCES Judgments and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights 86 88 Table of Contents ► Page 5