E/CN.4/1999/61/Add.1 page 18 as to bypass the involvement of medical professionals entirely. One source alleged that some policemen in Batman have their own doctor's stamp, a fact apparently confirmed by the Chairperson of the Parliamentary Human Rights Commission Inquiry. Very often, the alleged perpetrators themselves accompany the victim to the doctor of their choice, and will tend to select a doctor whom they know will not record any signs of torture. It is reportedly sometimes the case that a doctor will not actually see a patient, but merely issue a certificate to the officials without an examination. Where the doctor does see the patient, the officials are said often to remain throughout the examination, although the Minister of State in charge of Human Rights emphasized that examinations should take place in private. Alternatively, they may wait outside the door, but since both victim and doctor are clearly aware of their presence, the intimidation factor remains. It is commonly alleged that doctors carry out merely visual examinations rather than thorough physical checks. Even where a doctor performs a physical check and inquires as to the origin of injuries, it is frequent for victims to refuse to answer because of the proximity of the officials. Another obstacle to the issuing of accurate medical certificates is the fact that, even when a report describes injuries, it may not specify that these could be the product of torture, as well as the fact that a report may merely state that the victim cannot work for a certain number of days, without specifying the cause or even the injuries. 62. Where doctors issue accurate medical certificates, it is alleged that they are subject to various forms of pressure either to modify the particular certificate or to stop issuing certificates documenting torture. In the first instance, certificates are generally delivered to the accompanying officials. This means that when such officials disagree with the content of the report, they may attempt to force the doctor to change it, or they may destroy it and find another doctor willing to issue a false certificate. According to the information received, they often approach doctors at night or in their homes. For example, Dr. Eda Güven, from Incirliova, Aydin province, reported traces of torture on six persons brought to her by jandarma personnel in November 1997. The next day she was called by the officials to change her report, and when she refused, she was tried, though later acquitted, for abuse of duty. The President of the Diyarbakir Medical Chamber suggested that doctors should insist on medical examinations being conducted during working hours, at a primary health-care centre or hospital, and by a forensic doctor where available, while the TMA has issued instructions to doctors not to sign medical certificates at night. 63. Alternatively, doctors may be the subject of more pervasive forms of intimidation. The Special Rapporteur received reports of doctors being detained and ill-treated or tortured as a consequence of issuing accurate medical certificates. One case reported independently by several non-governmental organizations involved Dr. Münsif Cetin, appointed in 1994 as Chief of the Primary Health Care Centre in Diyarbakir. He, along with his colleagues, took the decision to refuse to issue certificates without examining the patient. The relevant officials allegedly responded initially with threats, and by destroying certificates, but then detained Dr. Cetin for seven days in August 1996, during which time he was reportedly subjected to various forms of ill-treatment, including hitting, punching and threats. Upon his release, the State of Emergency Regional Governor ruled that he should be