proceedings against persons accused of torture, an attempt to commit torture or complicity in torture. This includes taking measures which make it easier for witnesses to give testimony. States Parties must also assist in gathering any evidence of which they have knowledge or are aware. Equally, they must assist with the removal of burdensome procedures or obstacles. Members of the CAT have emphasised that the application of Article 9 may not be made dependent on the existence of “any treaties on mutual judicial assistance that may exist between them” (§2). If there are no treaties in place, cooperation is required in the area of prosecution of the offences referred to in Article 4 on the basis of the Convention itself.174 The duty to co-operate is not discretionary.175 § 2. States Parties are obliged to fulfil their obligations under §1 in accordance with any treaties existing between them regarding mutual judicial assistance. In this context, the law of the requesting State determines the admissibility of evidence. One consequence of this is that a State is required to supply evidence even if it is deemed inadmissible in the State in question.176 The practice of the CAT with regard to Article 9 has been limited mainly to requesting information from States. 1. Each State Party shall ensure that education and information regarding the prohibition against torture are fully included in the training of law enforcement personnel, civil or military, medical personnel, public officials and other persons who may be involved in the custody, interrogation or treatment of any individual subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment. 2. Each State Party shall include this prohibition in the rules or instructions issued in regard to the duties and functions of any such person. Features: Education, information and training, ethical codes of conduct Interpretation § 1. States Parties are obliged to ensure that education and information regarding the prohibition against torture are fully included in the training of all persons who come into contact with detainees, be they law enforcement personnel, civil or military, medical personnel, public officials and other persons who may be involved in the custody, interrogation, or treatment of any individuals subjected to any form of arrest, detention, or imprisonment. The effectiveness of the way in which personnel are educated and trained with regard to the consequences of engaging in torture or acquiescence in torture II. INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS OF ARTICLES 1–16 OF THE CONVENTION 2. ANALYSIS OF SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS Article 10 49