C. RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE DIRECTIVE .............................................................................. 27 D. USING THE DIRECTIVE IN PRACTICE .......................................................................................... 28 1. Identify the deficiency in the notification of accusations ................................................. 28 a. Failure to classify the offence ........................................................................................... 28 b. Under-classification at the point of questioning .............................................................. 28 c. Failure to specify factual allegations sufficiently .............................................................. 29 2. Seek information at the point of questioning and create a record .................................. 29 3. Challenging the violation .................................................................................................. 30 a. Encourage pre-trial detention instances to take action ................................................... 30 b. Invoke the Directive and seek a remedy for the inadequate notification ........................ 30 III – ACCESS TO THE CASE FILE ......................................................................................... 32 A. THE ISSUE .................................................................................................................................. 32 B. THE ECHR BASELINE .................................................................................................................. 32 1. Access to the case file at the pre-trial stage ..................................................................... 32 2. Access to the case file to prepare for trial ........................................................................ 34 C. RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE DIRECTIVE .............................................................................. 35 D. USING THE DIRECTIVE IN PRACTICE .......................................................................................... 36 1. Access to the case file at the point of questioning ........................................................... 36 a. The debate as to the requirements of Article 7(1) ........................................................... 36 b. Fair Trials’ view: Article 7(1) requires access at the point of questioning ........................ 36 2. Access to the case file and effective judicial review of arrest/detention ......................... 38 a. Starting point: Article 7(1) is subject to no derogation.................................................... 39 b. Challenging a legal restriction upon access ...................................................................... 39 c. Challenging a ‘prosecutor decides’ restriction ................................................................. 39 3. Access to the case file at the pre-trial stage – irrespective of detention ......................... 40 a. The gap in the ECHR case-law ........................................................................................... 40 b. Fair Trials’ view: Article 7(2) requires pre-trial access, subject to the application of judicially reviewable exceptions ....................................................................................... 40 4. Access to the case file to prepare for trial ........................................................................ 42 IV – WITNESSES AND OTHER NON-SUSPECTS .................................................................. 43 A. THE ISSUE .................................................................................................................................. 43 B. THE ECHR BASELINE .................................................................................................................. 43 1. The concept of being ‘charged’......................................................................................... 43 2. Witnesses who are / become suspects ............................................................................. 43 C. RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE DIRECTIVE .............................................................................. 44 D. USING THE DIRECTIVE IN PRACTICE .......................................................................................... 45 1. Preliminary point: the apparent limited scope of the Directive ....................................... 45 a. The wording of Article 2 .................................................................................................... 45 b. Fair Trials’ view on the scope of the Directive .................................................................. 46 2. Establishing the violation .................................................................................................. 46 3. Seek a remedy ................................................................................................................... 47 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 48 4