xxv Ibid. Ibid. xxvii See for example Kenny, J., Heal, C., and Grossman, M. (2001) The Attribute-Based Evaluation (ABE) of Less-Than-Lethal, Extended-Range, Impact Munitions. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University and Hughes, E., Kenny, J., Heal, C., and Kaufman, P. (2007) An Attribute Based Evaluation II (ABE-2) of LessLethal Impact Munitions. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University. xxviii Roelton Maciel, ‘Vídeo: tortura é registrada por câmeras de segurança no presídio de Joinville,’ Anotícia, 02/02/2013, http://anoticia.clicrbs.com.br/sc/seguranca/noticia/2013/02/video-tortura-e-registrada-porcamerasde-seguranca-no-presidio-de-joinville-4032160.html (accessed 28 February 2019) xxix United Nations, Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984. xxx Organisation of American States, Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, Adopted at Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, on 9 December 1985, fifteenth regular session of the OAS General Assembly. xxxi Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Memorandum on maintaining public order and freedom of assembly in the context of the “yellow vest” movement in France Strasbourg, CommDH(2019)8, 26 February 2019, https://rm.coe.int/commdh-2019-8-memorandum-france-en/1680932f57 (accessed 4 March 2019), paragraphs 15 & 16. xxxii CoE Commissioner for Human Rights, (26 February 2019) op.cit, paragraph 16 xxxiii Dufresne, D. Allô place Beauvau, c'est pour un bilan », une cartographie des violences policières, 25 January (cited in CoE Commissioner for Human Rights, (26 February 2019) op.cit, paragraph 16). xxxiv CoE Commissioner for Human Rights, (26 February 2019) op.cit, paragraph 16, citing Director General of the national police force, Eric Morvan, as reported by Agence France Presse in a dispatch of 16 January 2019. xxxv Amnesty International, “France: School children and protesters victims of excessive force by police”, 14 December 2018, available at https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/france-school-children-and-protestersvictims-excessive-force-police (accessed 14 January 2018). xxxvi Amnesty International, News, Spain: Accountability urged for ‘appalling’ migrant deaths in Ceuta, 14 February 2014, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/02/spain-accountability-urged-appalling-migrantdeaths-ceuta/ (accessed 27 November 2017); Amnesty International, News, Spain: Ceuta migrant tragedy – deplorable disregard for human life, 6 February 2015, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/02/spainceuta-migrant-tragedy-deplorable-disregard-human-life/ (accessed 27 November 2017). xxxvii Ibid. xxxviii UN Special Procedures, Joint Urgent Action sent to the Government of Turkey on 14 June 2013, ref: TUR 3/2013, available at https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=21716 (accessed 31 October 2018). xxxix Amnesty International, Gezi Park Protests: Brutal denial of the right to peaceful assembly in Turkey, October 2013; Physicians for Human Rights, Contempt for Freedom: State Use of Tear Gas as a Weapon and Attacks on Medical Personnel in Turkey, pp. 18-19. xl Amnesty International (October 2013) op.cit., p. 20. xli FIDH, Turkey: Gezi, One Year On, May 2014, https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/turkey_avril_2014_uk_web.pdf (accessed 5 November 2018), p.9. xlii Crowley, M., Drawing the line: Regulation of “wide area” riot control agent delivery mechanisms under the Chemical Weapons Convention, Bradford University/Omega Research Foundation, April 2013, https://omegaresearchfoundation.org/sites/default/files/uploads/Publications/BNLWRP%20ORF%20RCA%20 Munitions%20Report%20April%202013_0.pdf; Crowley, M. Chemical Control, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2016, pp.81-106. xliii Crowley, M., Tear gassing by remote control: The development and promotion of remotely operated means of delivering or dispersing riot control agents, Bradford University/Omega Research Foundation/Remote Control Project, December 2015, https://omegaresearchfoundation.org/sites/default/files/uploads/Publications/Tear%20Gassing%20By%20Remot e%20Control%20Report.pdf xliv Caracal Light Ammunition, company brochures, distributed at IDEX 2013, on file in Omega archive. xlv Advanced Pyrotechnics LLC, IDEX 2019, exhibitor listing at https://idexuae.ae/exhibitor-list/ and APT brochure downloads at https://ezone.idexuae.ae/storage/brochures/G99tvrJDzhCHftEw7Spza1Adr8fvsrmWinsFQwgy.pdf xlvi Tawazun company brochure, undated, at https://www.tawazun.ae/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/Tawazun_Brouchure_English-Artwork-PPP.pdf accessed 8/3/2019 xlvii Company brochures distributed at Milipol 2013, Eurosatory 2015, EDEX 2018 and IDEX 2019, on file in Omega archive. xxvi