(b) By ratifying or acceding to the treaty itself (this procedure applies to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; or (c) By ratifying or acceding to the relevant optional protocol to a treaty providing for a right of individual complaint (this procedure applies to the two International Covenants, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities). Late reporting Each treaty envisages regular submission of reports by its State parties; in practice, many States find it difficult to keep up with their reporting obligations in strict conformity with the periodicity foreseen in the treaties to which they are parties. Late reporting has been identified as one of the main challenges facing the treaty reporting system and the treaty bodies have been seeking ways to make it easier for States to report, for instance through streamlining the reporting process. Information on the reporting status of the State parties to each treaty is available from the treaty body database on the OHCHR website. List of issues and/or questions A list of issues or questions, formulated by a treaty body on the basis of a State party report and other information available to it (information from United Nations specialized agencies, NHRIs, NGOs, etc.), which is transmitted to the State party in advance of the session at which the treaty body will consider the report. The list of issues provides the framework for a constructive dialogue with the State party’s delegation. Some committees encourage State parties to submit written responses beforehand, allowing the dialogue to move more quickly to specificities. The list of issues provides a source of up-to-date information for a committee with regard to a State whose report may have been awaiting consideration for as much as two years. List of issues prior to reporting A list of issues submitted by the Committee against Torture or the Human Rights Committee to a State party preparing to submit its periodic report so as to facilitate this preparation. The State party’s response to this list of issues constitutes its report to one of these two treaty bodies. 51