26 Towards the Effective Protection of LGBTI Persons Deprived of Liberty ting discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity”. The ensuing reports urged States to, among other things, train law enforcement personnel and judges in gender-sensitive approaches, ensure that police and prison officers are trained to protect the safety of LGBT detainees, and hold to account State officials involved or complicit in incidents of violence15. In 2016, another Human Rights Council resolution16 established the mandate of an “Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity”, whose mission is to assess the implementation of existing international human rights instruments with regard to ways to overcome violence and discrimination against persons on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity, and to identify, raise awareness about, and address the root causes of violence and discrimination. In recent years there have also been important developments at the regional level. In the Council of Europe region, the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity includes specific provisions about the duty of law enforcement officials and protective measures in prisons17. The Resolution on Protection against Violence and other Human Rights Violations against Persons on the basis of their real or imputed Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights condemns, among other practices, arbitrary imprisonment and other forms of persecution of persons on these bases18. Regarding standards specifically governing detention, there is no international instrument that addresses the needs of LGBTI detai- 15 Reports of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Discrimination and violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, A/ HRC/19/41, 17 November 2011 and A/HRC/29/23, 4 May 2015. 16 Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council, Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, A/HRC/RES/32/2, 15 July 2016. 17 Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity. 18 Resolution on Protection against Violence and other Human Rights Violations against Persons on the basis of their real or imputed Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, adopted at the 55th Ordinary Session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights in Luanda, Angola, 28 April to 12 May 2014.