58 Towards the Effective Protection of LGBTI Persons Deprived of Liberty ching of certain body parts, forced prostitution, being forced to undress in front of others, improper behaviour during body searches, voyeurism in cells or showers, and obscene comments or sexualised gestures. The effects of non-consensual sex include a wide range of physical and psychological harms, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV and hepatitis, depression, anxiety, self-harm, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Verbal violence is the least visible form of violence, but it is often the gateway to bullying and physical violence, especially when unchallenged by staff. Homophobic or transphobic name-calling and mocking, the deliberate improper use of pronouns with trans detainees, as well as forced disclosure of sexual orientation and gender identity by staff or other detainees, have harmful and long-lasting impact on detainees. When prison staff and management do not challenge such behaviours, they participate in creating a homophobic and transphobic climate wherein not only insults, but also physical violence, may go unpunished. Discrimination against LGBTI detainees might also be justified by reference to religious teachings or cultural norms that are not questioned by prison staff. Prison staff may not react to allegations of rape by fellow inmates that are made by gay detainees, as a result of conflating their sexual orientation with consent to sexual activities. The stigmatisation of LGBTI detainees in some prisons is so great that they are treated as complete outcasts. In some cases, they are obliged to wear special uniforms or other distinctive signs, and coerced to perform the least rewarding tasks, including cleaning services. There are also reports of gay detainees being tattooed against their will to “mark” them as homosexuals. Lesbians are particularly exposed to violence by staff, and even more so when they are under the supervision of male guards. Female detainees viewed as “masculine” in appearance by guards can be subjected to harassment, physical abuse, and “forced feminization”. Specific abuses include so-called “corrective rapes” and being placed in cells with men for refusing sexual advances by prison staff. They can also be coerced into sex with prison staff, sometimes in return for favours such as cigarettes or alcohol. Trans detainees, in particular trans women, face unique exposure to violence from both staff and fellow inmates, which can include