A Monitoring Guide 47 One-to-one interviews with self-declared or perceived LGBTI detainees may draw unnecessary attention and/or may not be possible, and monitors should consider having interviews with a large number of randomly selected detainees and addressing the issue of discrimination and abuse stemming from sexual orientation and gender identity, among others. Because of the specific challenges in identifying LGBTI detainees and risks of harm, interviews may not always be the main source of information, and other sources of information may be prioritised. Interviewing former detainees, relatives or associations is sometimes a safer way to tackle sensitive issues. It is also crucial that all data is treated confidentially and that this is clearly explained to detainees. It is important to stress that one cannot assume a person is LGBT on the basis of their appearances and demeanours. “Effeminate” men or “masculine” women are not necessarily gays or lesbians and, conversely, heterosexual persons may not dress, behave, and present themselves according to heteronormative social expectations. Gender-based expectations and terminologies related to sexual orientation and gender identity can also greatly vary depending on culture and context. What is ultimately important for monitors is not to know detainees’ sexual orientation or gender identity, but rather to enquire into and identify any forms and patterns of discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, or sex characteristics that may be conducive to torture or other ill-treatment. Monitors should be aware that many LGBTI detainees have experienced discrimination and trauma and might perceive some questions, or their formulation, as offensive or intrusive. In any case, detainees should never be or feel pressured by monitors to disclose their sexual orientation or gender identity. Monitors should Chapter II tell monitors who among detainees are considered to be LGBTI, but monitors should exert caution when enquiring about the presence of LGBTI detainees in the establishment, unless this question is raised alongside others pertaining to specific categories of detainees. Understanding power structures and informal hierarchies within places of deprivation of liberty is also very important to preventing reprisals following interviews.