A Monitoring Guide 61 gime, and contemplate disciplinary sanctions both for staff (including termination) and for fellow inmates who violate agency sexual abuse or sexual harassment policies. The PREA standards also consider intersectional forms of discrimination, notably with respect to incident reviews, noting that prison authorities “shall consider whether the incident or allegation was motivated by race; ethnicity; gender identity; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or intersex identification, status, or perceived status; or gang affiliation; or was motivated or otherwise caused by other group dynamics at the facility.” Worrying trend Self-government and related risks for LGBT detainees Preventing violence against all detainees is a key duty of all prison authorities, which must be abided independently of the nature of any particular prison, or of the profile and characteristics of the detainees. However, in many prison across the world, State authorities informally delegate powers, including those of management and governance, to detainees themselves, while keeping control over the external perimeter of the prison. This phenomenon is referred to as “self-government” (or “shared-government”, whereby authorities retain some forms of control) and is often, but not always, linked to organised crime and gangs. Good prison management does not preclude some forms of detainees’ involvement in decision-making, “under which specified social, educational or sports activities or responsibilities are entrusted, under supervision, to prisoners who are formed into groups for the purposes of treatment”, as prescribed for in the Nelson Mandela Rules (40.2). Nevertheless, the same rules make clear that “no prisoner shall be employed, in the service of the prison, in any disciplinary capacity” (40.1). In practice, however in many “self-governed” facilities informal leaders have de facto powers to impose disciplinary measures over fellow inmates. Evidence shows that minority groups and disenfranchised categories of detainees are particularly exposed to abuses related to self-government. Male prison subculture is often characterised by “macho” values and strict informal hierarchies relying on stigmatizing labels; in such cases, detainees who are perceived as not adhering to their expected sexual orientation or gender identity and roles are usually relegated to the bottom of the hierarchy, alongside sex offenders and child moles- Chapter III !