317. With regard to article 3 of the Convention, members of the Committee asked how possible conflicts between the political and the jUdicial authorities over questions of extradition were resolved. 318. Clarifications were requested on articles 7, 9 and 10 of the Penal Code, which seemed to apply the provisions of articles 5 to 7 of the Convention only partially. Questions were also asked concerning the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction to action to combat torture. 319. Additional information was requested concerning the implementation of articles 8 and 9 of the Convention, and in particular the direct applicability of those provisions in Italian internal law. Clarifications were also requested on the practical application of the principle mentioned in the report according to which the authorities reserved the right not to extradite an individual when he was liable to be subjected on his return to treatment constituting a violation of his fundamental rights. In particular, it was asked whether, by virtue of that principle, a foreigner liable to incur the death penalty in his own country could be extradited to it. Lastly, it was asked how many foreigners had been expelled or extradited during the last five years. 320. In connection with article 10 of the Convention, members of the Committee requested additional information on the training of law enforcement and medical personnel. It was asked whether there were programmes for the training of prison and medical personnel and whether the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and the Principles of Medical Ethics were disseminated. 321. With regard to article 11 of the Convention, members of the Committee requested information on the rules concerning the conduct of police interrogations, investigations and incommunicado detention of prisoners; the conditions in which a prisoner could make an appeal concerning his conditions of detention; the duration of police custody and preventive detention; and the possibility for a person to have a medical examination after his arrest and to communicate with his family and a lawyer. It was also asked whether police interrogations were covered by precise instructions and were recorded; whether a procedure similar to habeas corpus existed in Italy; whether untried and convicted prisoners were separated; whether there was a body responsible for supervising conditions of detention and, in particular, whether judges made unannounced visits to prisons; whether dangerous prisoners were subject to a special regime, such as incommunicado detention; what measures could legally be taken to avoid violence in prisons; and whether it was compulsory for prisoners to work. 322. With regard to articles 12 and 13 of the Convention, members of the Committee asked whether complaints had already been submitted concerning acts of torture and, if so, whether a rapid investigation had been conducted into such cases and with what results; whether the persons concerned had been suspended from their duties during the investigation; whether the rules concerning the defamation of state officials were not likely to discourage possible denunciations of torture cases: and whether allegations of acts of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment concerning Italy had been examined by the European Court of Human Rights. Clarifications were requested on the statement in the report that investigations conducted following -59Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Library