Seek out the name of the leader at the highest level possible. Recall that the investigation must show his or her “effective control” over the group. Questions to elicit this are, for example, “Were orders always followed?” “What if someone didn’t follow an order, what would happen?” “How were the orders passed on?” “Were there different ranks in the NSA – i.e., was it a hierarchy with multiple levels, or was there just one commander while everyone else was a ‘soldier’?” “Was the commander usually present?” 5. APs among civilian authorities Recall that we are also interested in the involvement of (civilian) political leaders in human rights and international humanitarian law violations. Please try to collect information on local authorities’ responsibility (governors, political party officials, community leaders). To prove their responsibility for crimes – where the civilian leader is not a direct perpetrator – collect information that shows the individual “knew, or consciously disregarded information” about the misdeeds of their subordinates. Quotations from such leaders that demonstrate such knowledge are especially helpful. Ask interviewees what sources of information the (civilian) leader normally relied on. Ask also the “effective control” questions relevant to military leaders, above. ANNEXES 121