Telephone, internet based communication tools (e.g., Skype) or related technology may assist in reaching otherwise inaccessible areas. It may be necessary to communicate with Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and others inside the country who are in areas affected by hostilities, or who may have knowledge of responsible individuals, using methods that are innovative but for which ensuring information security remains paramount. · Nationals, diasporas and “expats” in neighbouring countries – while they may not have been present themselves during hostilities, they may be in networks or have contact with people who were; they may know the names of various people in leadership positions, and/or may be aware of when and to where high-level figures or others relocate. · Experts: - Military expertise – to explain the organizational structure of a military unit, operational planning and execution protocols, and/or the range, effects, characteristics, targeting protocols, etc., of a certain weapon; - Forensic, ballistic or other scientific expertise, such as chemical or medical, from an independent and professional source. · Professionals inside the country or in neighbouring countries, such as doctors, lawyers, journalists, religious leaders, United Nations99 or non-governmental organization (NGO) staff who may be involved, for example, in humanitarian or reform efforts. They may have knowledge of the names of individual leaders or which units were deployed where. Materials/Information · Documentary information such as archives, medical records, death certificates, administrative records, payroll, letters and memos, bills – provided they can be authenticated (see below).100 In crisis situations the United Nations is often present in multiple roles. Uniformed components of peacekeeping operations, including both military and police, as well as other personnel working on security issues and/or with security forces, can be good sources of information. 100 Investigators are generally encouraged to take a photocopy or scan of such texts. 99 54 ATTRIBUTING INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY