The Netherlands: Insurance-based model Specialized service providers are responsible for holistic rehabilitation services for torture victims in the Netherlands. These are not funded by the state but are reimbursed by insurance companies for those services. The Central Agency for the Reception of Asylum Seekers insures all asylum seekers for medical expenses covered under the Medical Care for Asylum Seekers Scheme, (RZA). Asylum seekers are entitled to healthcare in the Netherlands as soon as they are registered at the COA and are residing in refugee housing. The healthcare includes hospitalization, consultations with general practitioners, physiotherapy, dental care (in severe cases) and consultations with psychologists. Any medical expenses that are not covered by the insurance are reimbursed by the COA upon application. Denmark: Structured state financing of non-state services In Denmark, services for rehabilitation of torture survivors are provided by specialized centres designated by the Danish National Board of Health as national centres specializing in the rehabilitation of traumatized refugees. There are three non-state centres and six centres based in the public mental health sector. They offer different forms of individual, family and group therapy to torture victims who have a residence permit in Denmark, and are accessible on the basis of a referral from a general practitioner. Services are financed by the national health system on the basis of bilateral agreements between the regional authorities and the individual rehabilitation centres. Sweden: Partnerships between public authorities and non-state rehabilitation centres The regional authorities in Sweden are responsible for providing healthcare services. They also cooperate closely with non-governmental service providers, such as the Swedish Red Cross (SRC), to deliver specific torture rehabilitation components. The “Idea-based public partnerships” (IOP) system means that service providers discuss needs and abilities linked to individual patients or groups in partnership with the authorities to develop solutions (proposals for services). The SRC and relevant authorities enter partnerships on equal terms, meaning that the authorities respect the SRC’s mandate, role and independence, and see the added value of working together with a voluntary sector organization to better meet existing needs. The IOPs are designed for three years or longer, which provides for security, stability and funding of the treatment plans of each individual victim/ patient. This partnership allows for flexibility in terms of temporary scaling up of activities or modification of the treatment services where there may be an emergency, an unforeseen change in circumstances or victims profiles and needs, such as victims of sexual violence, which may need specialized care. The IOPs cover around 70 per cent of the total budget for treatment services in Sweden. TOOL: Providing Rehabilitation to Victims of Torture and Other Ill-treatment 8/13