TNT-related issues were thoroughly examined by the SR/CTHB in her presentations at the Permanent Council, Human Dimension Committee, OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, national parliamentary hearings and national judicial council meetings. The OSR/CTHB also addressed THB as a transnational threat through technical assistance and capacity-building activities, often in co-operation with OSCE field operations, in a number of participating States, through targeted training courses for professionals working in the anti-trafficking field, especially law enforcement personnel (for example, for the CIS International Training Centre on Migration and CTHB in Minsk, and the NATO Partnership for Peace Training Centre in Ankara). The OSR/CTHB also delivered training in Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan, and contributed to a sensitization seminar in Lankaran, Azerbaijan, on “Human Trafficking and Forced Labour for Regional Law Enforcement Agencies”. The training was organized by the OSCE Office in Baku and supported by the IOM and the ILO, and was attended by members of the regional police in Lankaran. Throughout 2011, the OSR/CTHB contributed to the development of a FRONTEX manual on THB in a series of workshops. The first of these was held on 23-24 February in Cesena, Italy with the aim of bringing EU authorities including Border Guards, and related agencies and experts together to contribute and to assess the main needs for the development of a common curriculum on THB for Border Guards including training tools and training material. The working group was composed of 14 EU representatives of Border Guards and related agencies, and experts of CEPOL, Eurojust, Europol, FRONTEX, INTERPOL, IOM, UNICEF and the OSR/CTHB. Money Laundering In 2011, the connections between THB and money laundering were a specific area of work of the SR/CTHB, leading to the Alliance Expert Seminar on “Leveraging Anti-Money Laundering Regimes to Combat Human Trafficking”, organized jointly with the OCEEA, the SPMU and UNODC on 3-4 October in Vienna. The event brought together the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the Egmont Group, the EAG, Alliance against Trafficking in Persons partners, representatives of governments, NGOs, the private sector, etc. (see also chapter 3.4). The Alliance Expert Seminar on Money Laundering/THB built on previous OSCE work on the nexus of THB proceeds and anti-money laundering measures, in particular the OSR/CTHB’s collaboration with FATF. On 23 February, the OSR/CTHB participated in a meeting in Paris to review the draft FATF Report Money Laundering Risks Arising from Trafficking in Human Beings and the Smuggling of Migrants, which was adopted in July 2011 and presented at the Seminar. OSR/CTHB also planned to ensure that the key deliverables of the event were applied in a practical way including in the Office’s training programmes for law enforcement, as well as in the provision of technical assistance to participating States and Partners for Cooperation. Working with the Judiciary With the aim of strengthening the criminal justice sector response as mandated in the OSCE Action Plan, the OSR/CTHB continued throughout 2011 to work closely with the judiciary in participating States to further improve access to justice for victims of trafficking as well as to provide capacity-building on the legal complexities which often characterize human trafficking cases at trial. In the course of roundtable discussions and training events, the SR/CTHB outlined the relationship between restrictive interpretations of legal provisions in the Palermo Protocol and low prosecution and conviction rates. Furthermore, the SR/CTHB called attention to the ever-changing modus operandi of human traffickers. On 2 February, the SR/CTHB delivered an address to the “High Level Roundtable on Vulnerable Victims and Gender Based Violence: Comparing Cultural Models and 34