Notes 57 NOTES 1. Available at pdf/8istprot.pdf. http://www.unhchr.ch/ 40/020/2001) for reports of torture and racial discrimination. 2. UNGA Resolution 55/89 Annex, 4 December 2000. 3. Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2003/33, 57th meeting, 23 April 2003 [E/ CN.4/2003/L.11/Add.4].t 10. See Counter-Terrorism and Torture, A Primer, available at http://www.irct.org/Default.aspx?ID=2678 4. Article 1, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; UNGA resolution 39/46 of 10 December 1984, entry into force 26 June 1987. 5. 6. The infliction of pain or suffering that is not sufficiently severe or is not done intentionally or not for a particular purpose may constitute cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, which is also prohibited under the Convention against Torture and other international law instruments. See REDRESS, Not only the State: Torture by Non-State Actors, Towards Enhanced Protection, Accountability and Effective Remedies, 2006 and Non-State Actors and Torture, A Primer, available at http:// www.irct.org/Default.aspx?ID=2678 7. In its General Comment on Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the UN Human Rights Committee considered that it is not desirable to draw up a list of prohibited acts or a precise distinction between them. Furthermore, Sir Nigel Rodley, former UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, considered that it is extremely difficult and indeed dangerous to establish a threshold to distinguish acts of torture from cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. 8. See Hidden Scandal, Secret Shame (AI Index ACT 40/38/00) for reports of torture perpetrated against children. 9. See Crimes of Hate, Conspiracy of Silence (AI Index ACT 40/016/2001) for reports of torture perpetrated against sexual minorities; Broken Bodies, Shattered Minds (AI Index: ACT 40/001/2001) for reports of the torture of women; Racism and the Administration of Justice (AI Index: ACT 11. See UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, adopted by the Eighth UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 27 August-7 September 1990. 12. The UN Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, Particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment were adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 1982. 13. The Resolution on the Responsibility of Physicians in the Denunciation of Acts of Torture or Cruel or Inhuman or Degrading Treatment was adopted by the World Medical Association, 2003. 14. The Commission on Human Rights, in its resolution 2000/43, and the General Assembly, in its resolution 55/89, drew the attention of Governments to the Principles contained in Annex I (the Istanbul Principles) and strongly encouraged Governments to reflect upon the Principles as a useful tool in efforts to combat torture. The Special Rapporteur on Torture recommended in his General Recommendations, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2003/68, 17 December 2002, para.26 (k) that: “countries should be guided by the Principles on the effective investigation and documentation of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (the Istanbul Principles) as a useful tool in the effort to combat torture.” 15. Ana, Beatriz and Celia Gonzalez Perez v. Mexico (Report No. 53/01), Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 4 April 2001. 16. See the Resolution on Guidelines and Measures for the Prohibition and Prevention of Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or degrading Treatment or Punishment in Africa, adopt-