16 Gender and Security Toolkit Endnotes 1. R. Walmsley (2017) “World female imprisonment list”, 4th edn, London: Institute for Criminal Policy Research, Birkbeck College, University of London, p. 2. 2. E. J. Salisbury and P. Van Voorhis (2009) “Gendered pathways: A quantitative investigation of women probationers’ paths to incarceration”, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), pp. 541–566. 3. Ibid., p. 543. 4. B. Boppre, E. J. Salisbury and J. Parker (2018) “Pathways to crime”, in Oxford Research Encyclopedia: Criminology and Criminal Justice, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 6. 5. For example, a study found that while “over 90 per cent of male prisoners’ children were cared for by either their partner or the child’s mother, only 23 per cent of the children of female prisoners were cared for by their partners”. T. Dodd and P. Hunter (1992) “The National Prison Survey, 1991: A report to the Home Office of a study of prisoners in England and Wales carried out by the Social Survey Division of OPCS”, London: HMSO; M. Silvestri and C. Crowther-Dowey (2016) Gender and Crime: A Human Rights Approach, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 6. UN Economic and Social Council (1997) “UN Economic and Social Council Resolution 1997/2: Agreed conclusions”, 1997/2, in Report of the Economic and Social Council for 1997, UN Doc. A/52/3/Rev.1, 18 July, New York: United Nations. 7. UN Women (2019) “Gender equality glossary”, trainingcentre.unwomen.org/mod/glossary/view.php?id=36 (accessed 17 October 2019). 8. A. Bartlett and S. Hollins (2018) “Challenges and mental health needs of women in prison”, British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(3), pp. 134–136. 9. OHCHR (2017) “International human rights law and sexual orientation & gender identity”, factsheet, https:// www.unfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/International-Human-Rights-Law.pdf (accessed 21 October 2019), p. 1. 10. International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (2017) “Maps – Sexual orientation laws”, ilga. org/maps-sexual-orientation-laws (accessed 2 March 2019). 11. UN Human Rights Council (2016) “Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”, UN Doc. A/HRC/31/57, 5 January, para 34. 12. Ibid., para 35. 13. Kimblerlé Crenshaw (1991) “Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color”, Stanford Law Review, 43, pp. 1241–1299 at p. 1296. For more information on vulnerabilities and rights violations that specific groups of women and girls face (thus related to intersectionality) see UN Women, UNDP, UNODC and OHCHR (2018) A Practitioner’s Toolkit on Women’s Access to Justice Programming, New York: United Nations, pp. 23–25. 14. United Nations (2016) “Ninth annual report of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment”, UN Doc. CAT/C/57/4, 22 March, para. 61. 15. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (2013) “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: General Recommendation No. 30 on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations”, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/GC/30, 1 November, para. 29; UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (2013) “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: General Recommendation No. 33 on women’s access to justice”, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/GC/33, 23 July, para. 8. 16. S. Walker and D. M. Irlbeck (2002) “‘Driving while female’: A national problem in police misconduct”, Nebraska, OM: Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska, p. 7. 17. B. Owen (2017) “Security is not safety: Gendered harms in women’s prisons”, blog post, 25 May, www.penalreform. org/blog/security-is-not-safety-gendered-harms-in-womens/ (accessed 17 October 2019). 18. C. Valentine, K. Oehme and A. Martin (2012) “Correctional officers and domestic violence: Experiences and attitudes”, Journal of Family Violence, 27, pp. 531–545. 19. R. Epstein (2014) “Mothers in prison: The sentencing of mothers and the rights of the child”, What is Justice? Working Paper 3/2014, London: Howard League for Penal Reform. 20. UN General Assembly (2015) “Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, resolution adopted by the UNGA. 21. UN Women et al., note 13 above, p. 324. 22. L. Maiello and S. Carter (2015) “‘Minus the urinals and painted pink’? What should a women’s prison look like?”, blog post, Penal Reform International, www.penalreform.org/blog/10020/ (accessed 17 October 2019). 23. The term “feminization of poverty” has been used by, for example, the Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission. See AdvocAid (2012) “Women, debt and detention: An exploratory report on fraudulent conversion and the criminalisation of debt in Sierra Leone”, July, p. 15; New Economics Forum (2008) “Unlocking value: How we all benefit from investing in alternatives to prison for women offenders”, 25 November, https://neweconomics. org/uploads/files/6533e0a823956802b3_10m6buwft.pdf (accessed 21 October 2019). 24. Doreen N. Kyazze (2018) “The Sustainable Development Goals: Making sure female offenders are not ‘left behind’”, blog post, Penal Reform International, 22 February, www.penalreform.org/blog/sustainabledevelopment-goals-making-sure-female-offenders-not/ (accessed 17 October 2019). See also Penal Reform International (2016) “Why criminal justice reform is essential to the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development”, briefing, Penal Reform International; UN Women et al., note 13 above.