A/HRC/31/57/Add.4 a national mechanism to prevent and combat torture under the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture; (i) Guarantee that no person suffers any reprisal as a result of having talked to the Special Rapporteur or other monitoring mechanism; (j) Deal with the lack of documentation of torture, ill-treatment and death in custody, ensure that all medico-legal staff receive the necessary training, especially in the adequate application of the Istanbul and the Minnesota Protocols, and that necessary infrastructure and equipment are available and accessible for conducting examinations; (k) Eradicate excessive use of force, including killings, by police and associated impunity, and allocate sufficient staff and resources to prosecutors responsible for investigating these cases. 149. With regard to conditions of detention, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the Government: (a) Take immediate measures to eliminate overcrowding and implement full observance of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) and the minimum standards for living space required for each inmate (see European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Basic Minimum Standards for Personal Living Space in Prison Establishments (2015)); (b) inmates; Provide more opportunities for meaningful activity for all groups of (c) Guarantee that young people have access to schooling and recreational activities throughout their stay in socioeducational centres, and implement full observance of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules); (d) Allocate sufficient socioeducational centres; resources to ensure adequate staffing of (e) Address the lack of effective capacity to reach a basic level of quality in health services inside detention centres; (f) Ensure effective provision of personnel and materials, adequate in quantity and quality, to meet each individual’s health needs; (g) Improve supervision of infirmaries; (h) Prevent physical, medical and nutritional shortages and inadequacies from asymmetrically affecting women and girls, and implement full observance of the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules). 150. With regard to institutional reform, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the Government: (a) Close the gap between law and practice, and ensure federal enforcement and oversight of state implementation with regard to the punishment and prevention of torture; (b) Address structural challenges that currently allow impunity to prevail; (c) Enhance the scientific capacity, and ensure the full independence, of Brazil’s medico-legal system; 23