Poročilo Varuha človekovih pravic Republike Slovenije o izvajanju nalog državnega preventivnega mehanizma za leto 2011 DOKUMENTI SVETA EVROPE COUNCIL OF EUROPE DOCUMENTS Evropski odbor za preprečevanje mučenja in nehumanega ali ponižujočega ravnanja ali kaznovanja Enaindvajseto splošno poročilo CPT 31. avgust 2010 – 31. julij 2011 (Izveček od strani 39 do strani 50. Celotno poročilo je dosegljivo na spletnih straneh: http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/docsannual.htm) Osamitev zapornikov 158 Implementation of the Duties and Powers of the National Preventive Mechanism in 2011 European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 21st General Report of the CPT 31 August 2010 – 31 July 2011 (Extract from page 39 to page 50. The full report is available on the website: http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/docsannual.htm) Solitary confinement of prisoners Uvod Introduction 53. Vsak zaporniški režim pozna v neki obliki in na nek način osamitev zapornikov. Odbor za preprečevanje mučenja in nečloveškega ali ponižujočega ravnanja ali kaznovanja (CPT) je vedno posvečal posebno pozornost zapornikom, ki prestajajo kazen v samici, saj lahko tako prestajanje kazni izredno škodljivo vpliva na duševno, telesno in socialno zdravje prizadetih1. Škodljive posledice so lahko takojšnje in se povečujejo s trajanjem in negotovostjo kazni. Najpomembnejši kazalnik škode, ki jo osamitev lahko povzroči, je bistveno več samomorov med zaporniki, ki prestajajo tako kazen, v primerjavi s splošno populacijo zapornikov. Zato je osamitev nedvomno sama po sebi vprašljiva zaradi prepovedi mučenja in nečloveškega ali ponižujočega ravnanja ali kaznovanja. Poleg tega lahko osamitev ustvari priložnost za namerno trpinčenje zapornikov, ki ostane skrito očem drugih zapornikov in osebja zapora. Zato je osamitev osrednja skrb CPT in zato ob vsakem obisku zapornikov predstavniki odbora vztrajajo pri pogovorih z zaporniki v samicah, da bi preučili razmere, v katerih jim je odvzeta prostost, in ravnanje z njimi ter preverili postopke za sprejemanje in pregledovanje takih ukrepov. V tem poglavju splošnega poročila CPT so navedeni kriteriji, ki jih CPT uporablja pri ocenjevanju osamitve. CPT meni, da je bi bilo ob upoštevanju teh kriterijev mogoče zmanjšati uporabo ukrepa osamitve na minimum, zagotoviti omejitev trajanja osamitve – kadar se uporabi – na najkrajše potrebno obdobje, narediti vsak režim osamitve kar najugodnejši za zapornike in zapornikom zagotoviti postopke, ki bi povsem upravičili uporabo tega ukrepa. 53. Solitary confinement of prisoners is found, in some shape or form, in every prison system. The CPT has always paid particular attention to prisoners undergoing solitary confinement, because it can have an extremely damaging effect on the mental, somatic and social health of those concerned1. This damaging effect can be immediate and increases the longer the measure lasts and the more indeterminate it is. The most significant indicator of the damage which solitary confinement can inflict is the considerably higher rate of suicide among prisoners subjected to it than that among the general prison population. Clearly, therefore, solitary confinement on its own potentially raises issues in relation to the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In addition, it can create an opportunity for deliberate ill-treatment of prisoners, away from the attention of other prisoners and staff. Accordingly, it is central to the concerns of the CPT and, on each visit, delegations make a point of interviewing prisoners in solitary confinement in order to examine their conditions of detention and treatment and to check the procedures for deciding on such placements and reviewing them. In this section of its General Report, the CPT sets out the criteria it uses when assessing solitary confinement. The Committee believes that if these criteria are followed, it should be possible to reduce resort to solitary confinement to an absolute minimum, to ensure that when it is used it is for the shortest necessary period of time, to make each of the solitary confinement regimes as positive as possible, and to guarantee that procedures are in place to render the use of this measure fully accountable. 54. CPT razlaga izraz »osamitev« kot vsako ločitev zapornika od drugih zapornikov, na primer na podlagi sodne odločbe, kot disciplinski ukrep, izrečen v okviru zaporniškega režima, kot preprečevalni upravni ukrep ali za zaščito samega zapornika. Zapornik, ki mu je izrečen tak ukrep, je običajno zaprt sam. V nekaterih državah sicer lahko namestijo zapornika skupaj s še enim ali dvema zapornikoma, vendar to poglavje enako velja tudi za te primere. Glede posebnosti osamitve mladoletnikov – prakse, proti kateri ima CPT še posebno hude zadržke – je treba navesti tudi pripombe CPT v njegovem 18. splošnem poročilu2. To poglavje ne velja za osamitev zapornikov iz medicinskih razlogov, ker so razlogi za tak ukrep popolnoma drugačne narave. 54. The CPT understands the term “solitary confinement” as meaning whenever a prisoner is ordered to be held separately from other prisoners, for example, as a result of a court decision, as a disciplinary sanction imposed within the prison system, as a preventative administrative measure or for the protection of the prisoner concerned. A prisoner subject to such a measure will usually be held on his/her own; however, in some States he/she may be accommodated together with one or two other prisoners, and this section applies equally to such situations. As regards more specifically the solitary confinement of juveniles, a practice concerning which the CPT has particularly strong reservations, reference should also be made to the comments made by the Committee in its 18th General Report2. This section does not apply to the isolation of prisoners for medical reasons, as the grounds for such a measure are of a fundamentally different nature. 1 Izsledki raziskav, ki to potrjujejo, so dobro povzeti v delu Sharon Shalev »A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement« (Temeljna knjiga o osamitvi, Mannheimski center za kriminologijo, London, 2008), ki je na voljo tudi na spletnem naslovu www.solitaryconfinement.org. 2 Glejte Informacijo CPT (2008) št. 25, 26. točka. 1 The research evidence for this is well summarised in Sharon Shalev’s “A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement” (Mannheim Centre for Criminology, London, 2008), available electronically at www.solitaryconfinement.org. 2 See CPT/Inf (2008) 25, paragraph 26. Državni preventivni mehanizem v Republiki Sloveniji po Opcijskem protokolu h Konvenciji OZN proti mučenju in drugim krutim, nečloveškim ali poniževalnim kaznim ali ravnanju National Preventive Mechanism in the Republic of Slovenia under the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 159