Laurent Getaz, Division of Prison Health, Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève, Switzerland Michel Westra, Medical adviser, Dienst Justitiële Inrichtinge (Custodial Institutions Agency), Netherlands Ruggero Giuliani and Roberto Ranieri, Infectious Diseases Service, Penitentiary Health System, San Paolo University Hospital, Milan, Italy Robert B. Greifinger, Professor of Health and Criminal Justice, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, USA Robert Charles Paterson, Health Care in Detention, Health Unit, Assistance Programme, International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland Roberto Monarca, Infectious Diseases Specialist, Maximum Security Prison of Viterbo, Lead of Territorial Department of Infectious Diseases, Viterbo, Italy Philipp Meissner, Justice Section, Division for Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Claudia Baroni, Justice Section, Division for Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Sven Pfeiffer, Justice Section, Division for Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Tracey Flanagan, Manager, Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Australia. Images were provided by the Ministry of Health of Kyrgyzstan from a simulation exercise and are included with their permission for illustrative purposes only. This publication was developed with financial assistance from the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. ABBREVIATIONS ARDS COVID-19 ECDC HCID IPC MERS nCoV PHE PPE SARI SARS SARS-CoV-2 UNODC WHO acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control high-consequence infectious disease infection prevention and control Middle East respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus Public Health England personal protective equipment severe acute respiratory infection severe acute respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Health Organization v