PART 2.2 • Legal and social measures to ensure rights in employment including a minimum wage that allows an adequate standard of living;202 and • The provision of technical and other assistance to countries of origin to enable them to address inequalities that contribute to trafficking-related vulnerabilities.203 A rights-based approach to poverty reduction, an essential ingredient of preventive measures against trafficking, requires such measures to be implemented in a particular way. It requires implementation, without discrimination, of the guarantees to economic and social rights as well as civil and political rights.204 It also requires the inclusion of gender-analysis and human rights (Footnote 201 continued) opportunities for youth in general and in particular for young women at risk, especially in regions prone to trafficking”). Especially for migrant workers, see, for example, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, concluding observations: Cyprus (CEDAW/C/ CYP/CO/5, paras. 29-30); Malaysia (CEDAW/C/MYS/ CO/2, paras. 25-26); Singapore (CEDAW/C/SGP/ CO/3, paras. 23-24). criteria in the development, implementation, and evaluation of poverty reduction strategies and programmes.205 Several human rights treaties are of particular importance in addressing the link between poverty and vulnerability to trafficking. The key international instrument is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. At the regional level, the European Social Charter is another important example: guaranteeing a range of economic and social rights including non-discrimination, education, housing, health, education, and social and legal protection. 5.4. ADDRESSING INCREASES IN VULNERABILITY RELATED TO DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 202 Human Rights and Poverty Reduction…, pp. 2730; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2000: Human Rights and Human Development (2000), p. 12 (“Human rights and human development cannot be realized universally without stronger international action, especially to support disadvantaged people and countries to offset growing global inequalities and marginalization … Aid, debt relief, access to markets, access to private financial flows and stability in the global economy are all needed for the full realization of rights in the poorest and least developed countries.”); World Bank, World Development Report 2000-–2001: Attacking Poverty (2001), p. 11 (“There are many areas that require international action – especially by industrial countries – to ensure gains to poor countries and to poor people within the developing world. An increased focus on debt relief and the associated move to make development cooperation through aid more effective are part of the story. Of equal importance are actions in other areas – trade, vaccines, closing the digital and knowledge divides – that can enhance the opportunity, empowerment, and security of poor people.”) 203 204 Human Rights and Poverty Reduction…, p. 17. 110 As noted under Principle 3 and related guidelines, racial and gender-based discrimination, particularly in the recognition and application of economic and social rights, is a critical factor in rendering individuals and groups susceptible to trafficking. In both these situations the impact of discrimination, particularly in relation to access to education, resources and employment opportunities, results in fewer and poorer life choices. It is the lack of genuine choice that, in turn, renders women and girls more vulnerable than men, and certain nationalities and races more vulnerable than others, to the coercion, deception and violence of trafficking. In this context, States have an important obligation to ensure that their laws, systems and practices do not promote, reward or tolerate discrimination. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, paras. 47, 67 and 68; Human Rights and Poverty Reduction…, pp. 10-11. 205 RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING