PART 2.2 and prosecution of complaints related to violence against women;214 providing access to effective remedies for gender-based violence;215 implementing education initiatives aimed at educating the public about violence against women and combating negative attitudes towards women216 (including, in some countries, the association of rape allegations with the crime of adultery);217 and training police, immigration, judicial and medical personnel and social workers on the sensitivities involved in cases of violence against women.218 5.5. ADDRESSING THE SPECIAL VULNERABILITIES OF CHILDREN, INCLUDING UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN International law recognizes that, because of their reliance on others for security and wellbeing, children are vulnerable to trafficking and related exploitation. In recognition of this vulnerability, children are accorded special rights of care and protection. Details of the relevant standard, including of the “best interests” principle that is required to be applied to all decisions affecting children, are summarized in part 2.1 (see section 1.4.2 above); considered in detail under Principle 10 and related Human Rights Committee, concluding observations: Georgia (CCPR/C/GEO/CO/3, para. 8 (b)); Honduras (CCPR/C/HND/CO/1, para. 7). See also A/61/122/ Add.1, paras. 266-268. 214 215 guidelines, below; and referred to at appropriate points throughout this Commentary. Appropriate responses to child vulnerability must be built on a genuine understanding of that vulnerability – specifically, why some children are trafficked and others are not. All measures taken to reduce the vulnerability of children to trafficking should aim to improve their situation – rather than to just prevent behaviours such as migration for work which, while not desirable, especially for young children, may not necessarily be exploitative or lead to trafficking.219 It is also important to accept that children are not a homogenous group: older children have different needs, expectations and vulnerabilities than younger children; girls and boys can be similarly disaggregated. The following is a representative list of actions that can be taken by States and others to reduce the vulnerability of children to trafficking. It reflects the Trafficking Principles and Guidelines and major policy documents and recommendations by United Nations human rights bodies: • Ensure that appropriate legal documentation (including for birth, citizenship and marriage) is in place and available;220 • Tighten passport and visa regulations in relation to children, particularly unaccompanied minors and minors accompanied but not by an immediate family member;221 See also A/61/122/Add.1, para. 269. Human Rights Committee, concluding observations: Sudan (CCPR/C/SDN/CO/3, para. 14 (a)); Honduras (CCPR/C/HND/CO/1, para. 7); Albania (CCPR/ CO/82/ALB, para. 10); Slovakia (CCPR/CO/78/SVK, para. 9). See also A/61/122/Add.1, paras. 271-272. 216 Human Rights Committee, concluding observations: Sudan (CCPR/C/SDN/CO/3, para. 14 (b)). 217 Human Rights Committee, concluding observations: Lithuania (CCPR/CO/80/LTU, para. 9). See also A/61/122/Add.1, para. 273. 218 112 See further Mike Dottridge, A Handbook on Planning Projects to Prevent Child Trafficking (2007). See also International Labour Organization, Training Manual to Fight Trafficking in Children for Labour, Sexual and Other Forms of Exploitation, Textbook 1: Understanding Child Trafficking (2009), pp. 15-16. 219 Trafficking Principles and Guidelines, Guideline 7.9; Brussels Declaration, para. 12. 220 Brussels Declaration, para. 12 (“… specific action should be implemented such as in the field of passport and 221 RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING