PART 2.2 Procedures176 have taken up this issue, in particular on the need to raise public awareness of the unlawful and exploitative nature of human trafficking. International and regional policy documents provide further confirmation of a growing understanding of the need for States to regard demand as a root cause of trafficking and a key factor in any effective prevention strategy.177 (Footnote 175 continued) THA, para. 21) (“take action to implement policies and legislation for eradication of child labour, inter alia through public-awareness campaigns and education of the public on protection of rights of children”); as has the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Chad (CRC/C/ TCD/CO/2, para. 80) (“urges the State party to carry out awareness-raising activities in order to make both parents and children aware of the dangers of trafficking”); United States of America (CRC/C/OPSC/USA/CO/1, para. 23) (“recommends that demand for sexual services involving the exploitation of children be addressed through both prevention and prosecution measures. Preventive measures should include, among others, public awareness campaigns aimed at the individuals and groups creating demand for sexual exploitation of children”); Bulgaria (CRC/C/BGR/CO/2, para. 66 (b)) (“continue and strengthen its awareness-raising campaigns including through education and media campaigns”); Malaysia (CRC/C/MYS/CO/1, para. 96 (f)) (“continue to raise public awareness about detrimental effects of child trafficking and train professionals working with and for children, as well as general public, to identify, prevent and combat trafficking in children”). E/CN.4/2006/62, chap. II; “Report of the Special Rapporteur on sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Juan Miguel Petit” (E/CN.4/2006/67). 176 See, for example, General Assembly resolution 61/180, para. 5, (“Recognizes the need to arrive at a better understanding of what constitutes demand and how to combat it, decides to strengthen efforts to counter the demand for victims of trafficking in persons, and encourages Member States to consider adopting legislative or other measures, such as educational, social or cultural measures, to discourage and reduce the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and that thus promotes trafficking”); General Assembly resolution 63/156, preamble, paras. 2, 14 (“Noting that some of the demand for prostitution and forced labour is met by trafficking in persons in some parts of the world”; “Calls upon Governments to discourage, with a view to eliminating, the demand that fosters the 177 100 4.3. A HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING DEMAND As noted in the discussion under Principle 1 and related guidelines, a human rights approach is normatively based on international human rights standards and is operationally directed to promoting and protecting human rights. In developing rights-based strategies to reduce demand, the following considerations may be relevant: trafficking of women and girls for all forms of exploitation, and in this regard to enhance preventive measures, including legislative measures, to deter exploiters of trafficked persons, as well as ensure their accountability”; and “[e]ncourages Governments … to take appropriate measures … to discourage, with a view to eliminating, the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation”); and Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Human Rights Council Resolution 11/3, preamble and para. 3 (“Noting that some of the demand for prostitution and forced labour is met by trafficking in persons in some parts of the world”; and “[urges] governments to … adopt or strengthen legislative or other measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons and leads to trafficking in persons”). On regional responses to the issue of demand, see, for example, the Brussels Declaration, para. 7 (“It should be an essential and common goal for the fight against trafficking to address the reduction of the demand for sexual services and cheap labour”); EU Plan on Best Practices, para. 3(vi) (“eliminating demand for all forms of exploitation, including sexual exploitation and domestic labour exploitation”); OSCE Action Plan, Recommendation IV(3.3) (“Adopting or strengthening legislative, educational, social, cultural or other measures, and, where applicable, penal legislation…to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and that leads to trafficking”); ECOWAS Initial Plan of Action, p. 6, para. 1 (“States … shall develop and disseminate public awareness materials focusing on … discouraging the demand that leads to trafficking, particularly by addressing those who might exploit victims of trafficking, for example as child domestics or farm labourers”); Ouagadougou Action Plan, p. 4 (“Take measures to reduce the demand for services involving the exploitation of victims of trafficking in human beings”); OAS Recommendations on Trafficking in Persons, Sections II(2), V(1); COMMIT MOU, para. 26. RECOMMENDED PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING