Retirement and nursing homes In the Laender of Salzburg, Styria, Upper Austria and Carinthia, the respective regional governments have not defined quality guidelines or quality standards on violence prevention and de-escalation management to date. Salzburg refers to the minimum standards set forth in the Salzburg Care Act (Salzburger Pflegegesetz) as well as the seminars and training programmes on the topic of violence prevention organised by the Land. The regional government of Styria refers to regulations set forth in the law of the Land that stipulate the presentation of a care and rehabilitation concept a prerequisite for granting a permit; according to the regional government, other content requirements are not required by law. A training programme on this topic took place in November 2019 for managers of retirement and nursing homes in Upper Austria. Professional training in this area is also offered by the School for Elderly Care of the Land Upper Austria and the Pro Senectute association. The regional government of Carinthia also referred to training programmes and workshops of the home operators and to the fact that additional concepts for dealing with challenging behaviour professionally and de-escalation management measures are implemented in homes specialising in dementiarelated care or in gerontopsychiatric care. Salzburg, Styria, Upper Austria and Carinthia In Tyrol, the Tyrolean Home Advocacy holds lectures and training courses on the topic of “Dealing with violence”. The Tyrolean regional government assured it would take the request by the NPM as an opportunity to use the experience made by homes with existing violence prevention concepts (for example, at Tirol Kliniken GmbH) in the possible introduction of standard guidelines on violence and de-escalation management. Tyrol XX  Practical guidelines on dealing with violence and aggression should be available in all care facilities and be discussed regularly with the staff. XX  Employers shall take protective measures that have a positive effect on the safety and health of the staff. XX  It is necessary to confront the topic of “Sexuality in old age and with dementia” in order to safeguard the right to sexual self-determination and to protect against sexual assaults. 2.1.4 Restriction of freedom through medication The possibility of deprivation of liberty against the will of the affected person is the reference point for the Austrian NPM to investigate nursing homes and care facilities based on the power given to it by constitutional and international law. 32